Universalglot

Universalglot is an a posteriori international auxiliary language published by the French linguist Jean Pirro in 1868 in Tentative d'une langue universelle, Enseignement, grammaire, vocabulaire. Preceding Volapük by a decade and Esperanto by nearly 20 years, Universalglot has been called the first "complete auxiliary-language system based on the common elements in national languages". Pirro gave it more than 7,000 basic words and numerous prefixes, enabling the development of a very extensible vocabulary.
In his book describing his own language project Novial, Otto Jespersen praised the language, writing that it is "one to which I constantly recur with the greatest admiration, because it embodies principles which were not recognized till much later". The magazine Cosmoglotta for the auxiliary language Interlingue also praised the language in 1931 for its readability and analysis of international words and regretted that its creator had been forgotten in contrast with the creators of Esperanto and Volapük:

Monuments have been erected to the glory of Zamenhof and the name Schleyer has been engraved in marble. Their precursor and master, Pirro, has been honored - with oblivion.

Linguistic properties

Orthography

The Universalglot alphabet contains 27 letters. It uses 24 of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, "w" and "y" are not used, and has three additional letters "œ", "ü" and "σ" which comes from the Greek alphabet.

Upper case

Lower case

Phoneme

Word classes

Nouns

are invariable except for the feminine form, which is formed by using suffix -in e.g kaval - 'horse', kavalin - 'mare'. All words can be used as nouns with the help of an article.

Adjectives

like in English and unlike French, are completely invariable e.g. : el old man, el old manin. e.g. : Li old man, Li old manin. An adjective can be formed from any word, by adding suffix -il, eg. dai 'day', daili 'daily', amen 'to love', amli 'lovable'. If several adjectives are derived from the same root, -li usually indicates something passive. So to mark an action, the ending -iv is used, e.g. akten 'to act', aktli 'doable', aktiv 'active'.

Articles

There are two definite articles:
And one indefinite:
If a noun doesn't have an article preceding it, it will be considered plural: I hab kaval - I have horses.

Verbs

The verbs all share the same easy conjugation:

Conjugation	Suffix	Example	English translation
Infinitive	-en	esen	to be
Past tense	-ed	esed	was/were
Present tense	-e	ese	am/is/are
Future tense	-rai	esrai	will be
Conditional	-rais	esrais	would be
Imperative	No suffix	es!	be!
Present participle	-ant	esant	being
Past participle	-ed	esed	been

Transitive verbs, such as loben also have passive forms:
Passive verbs use esen for the perfect. All other verbs use haben.
And reflexives:

Adverbs

Adverb of place - da 'there', di 'here', fern 'far', pertot 'everywhere', post 'from behind', retro 'backward', sub 'down', up 'up', vo 'where?'
Adverbs of manner - alterlit 'otherwise', hastlit 'quickly', insamel 'together', oft 'often', rarlit 'rarely', re 'again', so 'thus/so'
Adverbs of mode - certlit 'certainly', ies 'yes', non 'no', potlit 'maybe', villit 'gladly'
Adverbs of time - alor 'so/then', altervolt 'formerly', ankor 'still', bald 'soon', ditdai 'today', heri 'yesterday', jam 'already', kras 'tomorrow', nonk 'never', nun 'now', postdit 'next/then', 'primlit 'first', semper 'always'
Adverbs of quantity - admindest 'at least', ben 'well', kom 'how', mal 'badly', mind 'few', molt 'many', prox 'almost/around', quant 'how many', sat 'enough', self 'self/even', talit 'that/so much', tant 'as much', totlit 'immediately', trop 'too', unlit 'only', vix 'scarcely'
Prepositions

ad 'to', adkaus 'because of', de 'of', ex 'from', in 'in', inter 'among', kon 'with', kontra 'against', kontravil 'despite', ob 'in front of', per 'by', post 'after / according to', pre 'before', pro 'for', prox 'beside', retro 'behind', sin 'without', sub 'below', til 'until', tra 'across', um 'around', up 'on', uper 'over'

Numerals

un, du, tri, quat, quint, sex, sept, okt, nov, dec
11=undec, 12=dudec, 13=tridec etc.
20=duta, 30=trita, etc.
21=dutaun, 22=dutadu, 23=dutatri etc.
cent, mil, milion
El prim, el duli, el trili etc. el ultim
primlit, dulit, trilit etc.
1/2 = un midli, 3/4 = tri quatli

Pronouns

Interrogative and relative pronouns: ke, kei

Conjunctions

e 'and', kar 'because', ma 'but', o 'or'
den 'therefore', ed 'also', ferner 'furthermore', finitlit 'finally', indit 'however', kontra 'on the contrary', nonminder 'nonetheless', sekutlit 'consequently', uper 'in addition'
alorke 'when', benke 'though', exke 'since', inditke 'during', ke 'that', kom 'as', perke 'because', postke 'following, proke 'so that', preke 'preceding', quan 'when', si 'indeed', so 'so that', tilke 'until'

Affixes

List of affixes which haven't been mentioned before.

affix	meaning	examples
an-	negation	afidli
arki-	superior degree	arkiduk
dis-	decay, extinction, separation, deprivation, defect	disparen, disnexen discrediten
mis-	bad, mal-	mistrakten, misprisen, misfiden
re-	repetition, reciprocity, movement backwards	redikten, renuoven, retornen, rekusen, resisten
-iet	forms diminutives	kavalietin
-er	marks the agent of a noun	el vorker, el denker, el parler
-tol	intrument	rastol
-stan	place	kavalstan,
-al/el	uncertain	vokal,, detel,

Borrowings from Latin keeps same suffixes, however they are optional, so, one can say administratnes or '''administratiom'''

Syntax

Pirro doesn't provide any specific rules, which everyone should follow, as his says "Everyone is free to follow the usages of his own language". However he makes following recommendations:

1. French du, de la, des shouldn't be translated
2. Use di or da, when referring to "here" or "there" in context: Ese vor pater in haus? - il ese/ or
3. Object pronouns usually go after the verb e.g. habe tu ten vest? I habe eil
4. For "there is/are", use Il ese / ili ese, e.g. Ese gent up el merk There is
5. "Of", "to",... followed by an infinitive, are not usually translated. However, if clarity requires it, they can be rendered by a preposition; e.g. ad, pro, ex, de, etc.
6. Neither...nor = non... non, e.g. I habe non brod non vin
7. to need, have to - deben
8. Adjectives usually precede the noun
9. "Of which, of whom; about which, about whom" is rendered as de ke, de kei, or ex ke, ex kei.
10. You can form compound words, in which case the determiner word is always placed before the determined word, e.g. un not de bank/un banknot
Special word lists

septin :
Lundai, Mardai, Erdai, Jovdai, Vendai, Samdai, Diodai = un septin
Li mens :
Januar, Februar, Mars, April, Mai, Juni, Juli, August, September, October, November, December = un jar

Examples of texts in Universalglot

Leter de grat (thankyou letter)

Men senior,

I grate vos pro el servnes ke vos habe donated ad me. Kred, men senior, ke in un simli fal vos pote konten up me.

Adcept el adsekurantnes de men kordli amiknes.

Konversatsion

Source:
Ben dai, Meni senior, i ese inkanted reinkontra evos; i habe videt evos in London, e ditdai nos finde enos in Skotland. dikt me ex ke land vos ese.
I habe perkursed el Holland, i habe visited seni principal citad, li Hollander ese molt amatli gent, ili ese mild e vorkli, lor konmerk ese molt extended, on finde Hollander in toti land e pertot ili ese amated e prised.
Un ex enos ese ruser e du ese italier e el quatli ese deutsch; ma nos pote toti parlen insamel, den nos parle el universal glot.
Si nos vile venten in nor hostel, vos etrai kon enos, vos findrai da un ben tabel e ben knmer, fir e ben bet.