Umar ibn Shabba
Abū Zayd ʿUmar ibn Shabba ibn ʿAbīda ibn Rayṭa al-Numayrī al-Basrī was a Basran historian, poet and teacher, who specialized in the histories of notable men, including poets and key cities of the Caliphate: Basra, Kufa, Medina and Mecca. He had a reputation as a reliable historical authority among his contemporaries and later Islamic historians. Although his extensive collection of written works are largely lost, abundant fragments of these works and other materials and quotations of Umar are preserved in the works of later authors, particularly the 10th-century historians al-Tabari and Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani.
Biography
Umar was born in Basra in 789 and was a mawla associated with the Banu Numayr tribe. His father, Zayd, was nicknamed 'Shabba' after a song his mother used to sing him as a child. Umar was educated in Basra before moving to Baghdad where he became a lecturer of the Qur'an, the hadith and adab. He gained a reputation there as a reliable authority and astute scholar. The historian Erling Ladewig Petersen notes Umar had "faiblesse for the historical anecdote". He moved to the Abbasid capital at Samarra likely in.Umar was opposed to Mu'tazilism, the rationalist religious doctrine promoted by the Abbasid caliphs at that time. According to the historian Erling Ladewig Petersen, Umar was inclined toward Shia Islam. Not long after moving to Samarra, he was forced to submit to the. Umar defied attempts by the authorities to coerce his adherence to the religious policies of the caliph, which mandated that the Qur'an was created; Umar insisted it was uncreated. As punishment, the authorities destroyed at least part of his collection of written works, leading him to abstain from lectures for a lengthy period. He died in Samarra at the age of ninety. Part of his collections survived and were sold by his son, the poet Abu Tahir Ahmad.
Historical works
The titles of several of Umar's books are listed in the 10th-century of bibliographer Ibn al-Nadim, but almost none are extant, save for his history of Medina's notable personalities a later copy of which was partially preserved and published in Beirut in 1990 under the editor Fahim Muhammad Shaltut. This book contained biographical entries about the prophet Muhammad and caliphs Umar and Uthman and used full s. His other works about Mecca and the Iraqi garrison cities of Basra and Kufa were lost, though his is directly quoted in the 10th-century of historian al-Tabari.Nevertheless, numerous fragments or materials from Umar's abovementioned works are found in al-Tabari's and in the, and by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani. The latter extensively used Umar's information in his works, though never directly referenced Umar's books. Although he rarely references the titles of Umar's books, al-Tabari's contains numerous quotations by Umar, indicating the importance of his accounts. The 9th-century historian al-Baladhuri's and 10th-century historian al-Marzubani's also reference Umar's materials, though to a lesser extent.