U.S. Woodland


U.S. Woodland was the former standard issue camouflage pattern of the United States Armed Forces from 1981 to 2012 in the cut of the Battle Dress Uniform and a dozen other pieces of clothing that were issued, until its replacement in the early 2010s. It is a four color, high contrast disruptive pattern with irregular markings in green, brown, sand and black. It is also known unofficially by its colloquial moniker of "M81" after the year of its adoption, however this term was never officially used by the U.S. military.
Although BDUs have been long phased out of frontline use in the U.S. Armed Forces, U.S. Woodland is still used on some limited level since MOPP suits, vests, and other equipment were printed in it and never fully replaced. Some modernized uniforms such as modified BDUs and FROG gear were used by special forces such as the United States [Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command|USMC Forces Special Operations Command] and United States Navy SEALs.

Development and history

The woodland pattern is similar to the brown-dominant version of the ERDL pattern used during the Vietnam War, only differing in that it is enlarged by 60 percent and the shades adjusted for contrast. The changes were made in order to extend the effectiveness of the camouflage pattern to as close to 350 meters as possible.
The enlargement of the pattern was made as part of a shift of tactical focus of the United States military from the close-range fighting of Vietnam to planning for potential longer-range fighting across European woodlands.
The US Woodland pattern was printed slightly darker than ERDL for two key reasons. First, the chosen colors complemented the pattern sizing, preventing the visual blending of colors at greater distances and enhancing the effectiveness of the pattern. Also, by starting with slightly darker colors, the eventual fading of the fabric through use and washing would result in colors moving closer to the desired target, thereby prolonging the garment's useful life.
It is not labeled as NIR compliant, but testing done on the material and dyes used in the creation process found it to be effective in camouflaging under infrared light.

Usage

[Image:BDUs-forest.jpg|thumb|U.S. Army National Guardsmen on an exercise in 2000 while wearing Woodland BDUs and PASGT helmets]

U.S. Army

In the U.S. Army, the woodland-patterned Battle Dress Uniform was replaced by the digital Universal Camouflage Pattern found on the Army Combat Uniform, introduced in 2005. UCP itself was replaced by the Operational Camouflage Pattern in 2019. The pattern is still found on MOPP suits and some older models of body armor yet to be retired, such as PASGT vests and Interceptor Body Armor.

U.S. Navy

The U.S. Navy no longer uses the Woodland pattern. Most of the Navy has transitioned to the Navy Working Uniform, which uses digital patterns in either a woodland colorway or, for some deployed tactical units only, a desert version.

U.S. Marines

The Woodland Pattern BDU was phased out by the Marine Corps with the introduction of the digital MARPAT Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform in 2002, although it was reintroduced for the United States Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command in 2011 and was also worn by MARSOC forces in the War in Afghanistan.

U.S. Air Force

The Air Force phased out the woodland pattern battle dress uniform in 2011 when they went to the Airman Battle Uniform which used a pixelated version of the tiger stripe pattern. It was in turn replaced by the Army's OCP by 2021. The Civil Air Patrol, the U.S. Air Force's civilian auxiliary, also used woodland patterned BDUs until being discontinued 15 June 2021.

State defense forces

Several state defense forces use the Woodland Pattern on their BDUs. Members of the Virginia Defense Force wear a Woodland version of the Army Combat Uniform.

Law enforcement

The pattern also sees use among police departments, such as the Rhode Island State Police.

Users

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Former users

  • : Formerly used by Afghan National Army as standard issue uniforms, both locally produced and sourcing US surplus uniforms and foreign clones, before switching to Spec4ce Camouflage
  • : Formerly used by OPFOR in training during the 1990s and 2000s.
  • : Obtained Turkish-made Woodland uniforms and used from around 2000–12.
  • : Formerly used by the Canadian Forces as the pattern of helmet covers for the M1 Helmet, the PASGT Helmet and the Spectra Helmet otherwise known as the 'Barrday Helmet'. The Woodland pattern had originally entered service around the same time as the US and had become the standard issue cover by the late 1980s, replacing the older Mitchell Pattern covers. The cover pattern was fully phased out and replaced by CADPAT by the mid-2000s. Helmet covers as well as uniforms and webbing equipment are still seen in Woodland pattern for OPFOR training.
  • : Formerly used by the National Army of Colombia, used until 1991 and replaced in 2006.
  • : Formerly used by the Costa Rican Civil Guard.
  • : Used by Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine in 1990s.
  • : Former standard issue camouflage pattern of the Georgian Armed Forces, replaced in 2007.
  • : Formerly used by reformed post-2003 Iraqi military.
  • * : Used by Peshmerga.
  • – Worn by the Latvian Land Forces from 1992 to 2007 when the M07 LATPAT camo was issued.
  • - Replaced in 2017 by the Operational Camouflage Pattern
  • : Worn by the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps, most of the Woodland camos being replaced by Dutch-made fractal camo.
  • : Used by the Nigerian military until they were replaced by the M14 pattern.
  • : Copies made for the Syrian military.
  • : Former standard issue camouflage uniform pattern for all branches of the U.S. Armed Forces.