Tryggve Gran
Jens Tryggve Herman Gran was a Norwegian aviator, polar explorer and author.
He was the skiing expert on the 1910–13 Scott Antarctic Expedition and was the first person to fly across the North Sea from Scotland to Norway in a heavier-than-air aircraft in August 1914. During WW1 he joined the Royal Flying Corps and flew night bombing raids on the Western Front, for which he was awarded the Military Cross. He co-piloted the first flight from London via Oslo to Stockholm in 1920.
During WWII he aligned himself with Vidkun Quisling's ruling party, and was sentenced to 18 months in prison in 1948.
Early life
Tryggve Gran was born in Bergen, Norway, growing up in an affluent family dominant in the shipbuilding industry. His great-grandfather Jens Gran Berle, had founded a shipyard in the Laksevåg borough of the city of Bergen. His father, Jens Gran who had inherited the shipbuilding business, died when Tryggve was only five years old. In 1900, after school in Bergen and Lillehammer, Gran was sent to a school in Lausanne, Switzerland for a year, where he learned some German and French. Three years later, he met the German emperor, Wilhelm II, a common guest with the families of Tryggve's friends. Meeting the emperor made an impact on the then 14-year-old boy, who from that moment on wanted to become a naval officer. At this time, he had several years behind him as a member of the Nygaards Battalion, one of Bergen's buekorps. He entered the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy in 1907 and graduated in the spring of 1910.Career
Polar exploration
Gran took an interest in science and exploration which in 1910 led to Fridtjof Nansen recommending his services to Robert Falcon Scott, who was in Norway at the time preparing for an expedition to the Antarctic and testing the motor tractor he intended to take with him. Scott was impressed with Gran, who was an expert skier, and Nansen convinced Scott to take Gran as ski instructor to Scott's men for the Terra Nova Expedition.Arriving in Antarctica in early January 1911, Gran was one of the 13 expedition members involved in the laying of the supply depots needed for the attempt to reach the South Pole later that year. From November 1911 to February 1912, while Scott and the rest of the Southern party were on their journey to the Pole, Gran accompanied the geological expedition to the western mountains led by Griffith Taylor.
In November 1912, Gran was part of the 11-man search party that found the tent containing the dead bodies of the past South Pole party. After collecting the party's personal belongings the tent was lowered over the bodies of Scott and his two companions and a 12-foot snow cairn was built over it. A pair of skis were used to form a cross over their grave. Gran travelled back to the base at Cape Evans wearing Scott's skis, reasoning that at least Scott's skis would complete the journey. Before leaving Antarctica he made an ascent of Mount Erebus with Raymond Priestley and Frederick Hooper in December 1912, an occasion which nearly ended in disaster when an unexpected eruption caused a shower of huge pumice blocks to fall around him. On 24 July 1913 Gran was awarded the Polar Medal by King George V.
Aviation: crossing the North Sea
On his return voyage, Gran met aviator Robert Loraine, the first pilot to cross the Irish Sea, and immediately took an interest in aviation. According to his own words in a newspaper report, Gran learned to fly in early 1913 at Hendon Aerodrome at the Temple School of Aviation, but seems not to have gained his British Aviator's Certificate at the time. His instructor, George Lee Temple died in a flying accident in 1914 aged only 21.He went to France and bought a two-seater Blériot XI-2 "Artillerie", from Blériot Aéronautique with an 80 hp Gnome engine for 20,000 francs. At the Blériot school at Buc he was one of the first to loop the loop and fly upside down.
On 30 July 1914 Gran became the first pilot to cross the North Sea. Taking off in his Blériot XI-2 monoplane, named Ca Flotte from Cruden Bay, Scotland, Gran landed 4 hours 10 minutes later at Jæren, near Stavanger, Norway, after a flight of. This record-breaking achievement, the longest flight over water to date by a heavier-than air machine, was overshadowed by the outbreak of World War I only five days later.
Gran flew the Blériot on service in Norway during WW1. It was exhibited at the 1918 Christiana Aero Show on the stand of Enoch Thulin's Aeroplane Works, AB Thulinverken. The restored, but complete and original plane is on display at the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology in Oslo, Norway.
First World War
Gran joined the newly formed Norwegian Army Air Service as a Lieutenant on 3 August 1914, and his Bleriot XI was bought by the government. In spring 1915 he was flying aggressive patrols against German U-boats in his Blériot from a small beach in Western Norway.Gran had flown more than over the sea from the start of the war, on one occasion covering a distance of nearly. On 9 September 1915, Gran made a flight in his Blériot from Elvenes in Salangen Municipality in northern Norway, within the Arctic Circle. Later that year he was sent to Britain and France to study air defence.
By March 1916, nothing had been heard of Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition since December 1914, and he offered to go on a relief ship to search for the Ross Sea party and the Aurora. However, the Aurora arrived in New Zealand in April, and Shackleton managed to reach South Georgia in May, and the relief ship was not needed. A newspaper report of the same date claimed that he was now a lieutenant in the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service.
On 18 October 1916 he was back in Norway, and persuaded the Norwegian Minister of War Christian Holtfodt to be allowed to volunteer for the Royal Flying Corps, and obtain lessons in night flying. Returning to London, he was interviewed at the Norwegian Legation and then by Lt-Col. Felton Holt, Officer Commanding, 16th/Home Defence Wing RFC. It was agreed that to circumvent the problem of his neutral Norwegian nationality, he would be given a commission under the assumed identity of "Teddy Grant", a Canadian aviator.
In the event he was commissioned on 1 January 1917 as a probationary temporary second lieutenant in the RFC. He was initially assigned to 11 Reserve Training Squadron, part of the London Air Defence Area, based at RAF Northolt. At 11 Reserve Training Squadron he received more flying lessons from Lieutenant B. F. Moore, an old acquaintance from Gran's flying days at Hendon in 1913. He "personally took my instruction in hand, and after some flights with him at the helm, I finally took the driver's seat myself."
Gran was swiftly made an instructor. By chance, Billy Bishop had been posted to the same Training Squadron a month earlier in December 1916, for further lessons before joining his official unit, 37 Squadron. Bishop had previously been an observer and had learned to fly at RAF Upavon from September 1916. Bishop's extreme antipathy towards discipline led him into severe conflict with his Commanding Officer. Gran's arrival may well saved Bishop's career as a pilot. They apparently got on well, and as a result of Gran's intercedings with his CO, Bishop only received a severe reprimand and was posted to 37 Squadron and then in March 1917 to 60 Squadron in France, where he won the VC.
What seems to be a barely-concealed official excuse for Gran's permission to join the RFC appeared in a Norwegian newspaper: "It's a curious story that comes from the Christiania Dagblad regarding Lieut. Tryggve Gran, who will be remembered by his aeroplane flight over the North Sea some little time ago. Lieut. Gran has been, it is stated, ordered to resign his commission in the Norwegian Flying Corps for having appeared in uniform in a foreign country, it being added that he will probably become a naturalised British subject and join the British Flying Corps."
Gran was confirmed in his rank and appointed a Flying Officer on 1 March 1917. He was posted to B flight of 39 Squadron based at RFC Sutton's Farm in the London Air Defence Area, part of the Home Defence wing. 39 Squadron usually flew Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2s and B.E.12s, but the unit operated at least one Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8., the type which Gran would later fly to make the first flight from London to Stockholm via Kristiania.
The squadron flew against Zeppelin and Schütte-Lanz airships, which resumed their attacks in mid-March 1917, and also Gothas such as the Gotha G.V, and 'Giant' Riesenflugzeug bombers. On 13 June Gran was airborne in a B.E.12, from RFC North Weald when he narrowly failed to shoot down a Gotha.
On 24 July 1917 he was posted to the recently formed 44 Squadron, also part of Home Defence, based at Hainault Farm, Ilford, Essex, flying Sopwith Camels. His Commanding Officer was Major T. O’B. Hubbard. It's not entirely clear how Gran managed to progress as far as he did without a valid pilot's license, but on 2 August 1917 he finally received Royal Aero Club Aviators' Certificate No. 5000.
On 28 August 1917 Gran was assigned to the newly formed 101 Squadron on the Western Front in France. He was briefly sent to 70 Squadron - apparently a staging post before joining his official unit - arriving there on 1 September 1917. A few days later he was with 101 Squadron, flying Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b/d night fighters. The squadron was stationed at Clairmarais aerodrome from 31 August 1917 to 2 February 1918. The CO was Major the Hon. Laurence Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, the second son of 18th Baron Saye and Sele.
101 Squadron flew night bombing missions with F.E.2bs during Battle of Menin Road, 3rd Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Cambrai. Gran carried out 17 night bombing raids. On 30 November 1917, 101 squadron's targets were Cambrai, Dechy, and Marquion. That night he was badly wounded in the leg by anti-aircraft fire while flying over occupied territory, managed to land just inside Allied lines and hospitalised. He returned to England from 16 December 1917 and recovered in the Royal Free Hospital. He was awarded the Military Cross for his exploits.
In his book recounting his wartime experiences, Gran reproduces three letters dated August to October 1917 from James McCudden "in his own handwriting", but omits to mention that he wasn't the original recipient. The letters were apparently sent to Gran's friend 2nd Lt. Lester Carter, who later flew with Gran to Norway in June 1920 in an Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8.
He was appointed a Flight Commander on 1 January 1918 with the rank of acting captain, by which time he was able to walk with crutches. and in March his seniority as second lieutenant was backdated to 1 January 1917. On 20 March 1918 he got permission to go to Norway for a few weeks to recover from his foot/leg injury, and a few days later he was awarded the Military Cross. His citation reads:
He was married to his first wife on 29 April 1918, reportedly wearing the Mons Star, although it seems unlikely that he was entitled to it.
He was promoted acting major on 10 September 1918, and received an offer to go to northern Russia to lead a flying detachment of the Royal Air Force during the Allied intervention in the North Russia Campaign. On 20 September 1918 he departed from Dundee, arriving in Arkhangelsk ten days later, although he doesn't appear to have achieved much. In his memoirs he doesn't mention meeting Sir Ernest Shackleton, who was also there from October 1918. In October his leg wound was troubling him in the extreme cold, and the RFC doctor advised him to get a transfer. He returned to Norway on 8 November, a few days before the Armistice. Gran was temporarily transferred to the RAF unemployed list on 26 April 1919.