Tibetan macaque
The Tibetan macaque, also known as Père David's Macaque, the Chinese stump-tailed macaque or Milne-Edwards' macaque, is a macaque species found from eastern Tibet east to Guangdong and north to Shaanxi in China. It has also been reported in northeastern India. This species lives in subtropical forests at elevations from above sea level.
Taxonomy
There are four recognized subspecies:- M. t. thibetana
- M. t. esau
- M. t. guiahouensis
- ''M. t. huangshanensis''
Physical description
The Tibetan macaque is the largest species of macaque and one of the largest monkeys found in Asia. Only the proboscis monkey and the larger species of gray langur are bigger in-size among Asian monkeys. Males are the larger sex, commonly attaining a weight of and length of long, with a maximum record weight of. Females, in contrast, weigh and measure long. The stump-like tail adds only, with females having a considerably shorter tail. The fur is well-suited to the species' cold environments, being long, dense and brown on the back, with creamy-buff to grey coloration on the underparts. Some adults are quite dark brown on the back, while others are a sandy yellowish-brown color. They have a prominent, pale-buff beard and long whiskers, but have a relatively hairless face. The face is pale pinkish in males but is a more vivid, reddish-pink in females. The infants have silver-and-black fur that changes to its adult color at the age of two.Behaviour
The Tibetan macaque lives in mixed sex groups. In their complex social system, females remain for life in their natal group, but males disperse shortly after their adolescence. Macaque societies are hierarchical, with higher-ranking males getting better access to the resources, namely food and sexually-receptive females. Alpha males dominate the group, being those that are typically large, strong and newly mature. As they age, males tend to gradually lose their social standing and are frequently subject to challenges for dominance from other males. Such conflicts are frequently quite violent and males may kill each other in battle. Studies of Tibetan macaques at Mount Emei and Huangshan Mountains, China, found the average tenure for an alpha male only lasted about one year. When troop size becomes quite large and competition grows over increasingly stretched resources, some individuals split from the main group to form a new, smaller group, known as 'fissioning', and move on to a different home range. Usually, it is the lowest-ranking individuals that will split from the main group.Females first breed at around five years of age. The gestation period is six months with a single offspring being produced at each pregnancy. Most infants being born in January and February. Young macaques are nursed for a year and may continue to do so longer if the female does not give birth again the following year. Males of the group may also be involved in alloparental care.
This diurnal species spends most of its time on the ground, where it forages for leaves, fruit, grass and, to a lesser extent, flowers, seeds, roots and insects. When available, bamboo shoots, fruits and leaves are particularly favoured.