Three Suns (eschatology)


The doctrine of the Three Suns or three stages of the end-time, or Three Ages, is a teleological and eschatological doctrine found in some Chinese salvationist religions and schools of Confucianism.
According to the doctrine, the absolute principle, in many salvationist sects represented as the Wusheng Laomu, divides the end time into three stages, each of which is governed by a different Buddha sent by the Mother to save humanity: the "Green Sun" governed by Dīpankara Buddha, the "Red Sun" by Gautama Buddha, and the current "White Sun" by Maitreya. In different sects the three periods are known by slightly different names, variations originated by oral transmission of the teaching. The doctrine is especially important in the Xiantiandao group of sects, the most notable one being Yiguandao.

Origins

The belief in Maitreya arose and has spread throughout China thanks to the translation of Buddhist scriptures from India starting in the 2nd century. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, a large number of Maitreyan “pseudoscriptures” emerged. The messianic idea of “Three Buddhas answering Three Ages” was compiled based on these pseudo-scriptures. The messianic idea divides human history into 3 ages: the Blue Sun Epoch, the Red Sun Epoch, and the White Sun Epoch. The catastrophic occurrence at the end of each great kalpa that will happen millions of years in the future in Buddhist scriptures is interpreted in the context of the millenarianism of popular sects to be something that will happen in the near future. The emergence of many figures claiming to be Maitreya created a new belief in societies that Maitreya Buddha had been born into the world. The emergence of the Maitreya teachings has given some idea of the idea of the division of time, with the time of Sakyamuni Buddha considered as the past and the time of Maitreya Buddha as the new one. The main doctrine of the Mahayana Maitreya sect at that time was the salvation theory of Maitreya Buddha, and it was this sect that popularized the idea of “Three Buddhas answering the three ages” and “New Buddha coming to the world to eliminate the old demons”.
Evidence of the concept of the three ages theory is found in the Yunji Qiqian, a text written in the early 11th century by Zhang Junfang for his emperor. The content of the text is about the three periods ruled by the Green Sun Emperor, the Red Sun Emperor, and the White Sun Emperor.
The Three Suns doctrine places itself in a sect tradition flourishing at least since the Ming dynasty. It can be traced back to a Taoist school named Hunyuan, from the concept of hunyuan that existed before hundun and is the beginning of primordial qi according to some Taoist cosmologies. Other possible origins go back to the entry of Maitreya beliefs into China. These concepts became part of the folk tradition and were incorporated in the sect milieu.
In the earliest sects of the Ming period, the Lord of Original Chaos represents the origin of the universe developing through three stages, yang, or cosmic periods. The earliest written evidence of this doctrine can be found in the Huangji jieguo baojuan, published in 1430. In this text the three stages are already associated to the three Buddhas: Dipankara, Gautama and Maitreya. The Green Sun Assembly was held at the end of the first period, the Red Sun Assembly in the second one and the White Sun Assembly will be held in the third one.
The three sun period theory is also found “The Treasure Scroll of the Emperor's Supreme Golden Elixir, the Nine Lotuses and the Correct Belief in the Truth, and the Return to Heaven”, a scripture that was used by Green Lotus sect as the basis of the sect's doctrine. It is the theoretical basis of this book that later became the basis of the religions that stemmed from this sect, one of the most famous of which is Yiguandao.
The three stages of end-time are also contained in the book “A Complete Guide to Answering the Three Buddha Periods”. This book was used by the White Lotus sect Rebellion in the late 18th century and was again used as the main doctrine by the religious sect Tianli sect who carried out the Eight Trigrams Rebellion.

Confucian doctrine

The doctrine of the Three Ages is discussed in Neo-Confucian and New Confucian teachings, the Gongyang Commentary and the Datong shu of Kang Youwei. The Confucian interpretation is comparable to the doctrine of the Spirit in Hegelian thought. Ren develops and matures progressively to higher stages in history.
Kang saw history as progressing from an Age of Disorder to the Age of Approaching Peace, and ending at the Age of Universal Peace. In the third age humankind attains Datong, ren is fully realised as people transcend their selfishness and become one with "all under Heaven".

Yiguandao doctrine

Currently, Yiguandao doctrine about Three Ages is as follows:
PeriodDuration Governing BuddhasTrue SutrasHand SealsNumbers of DisastersTarget AudienceHandler of the TaoAssembliesNumber of Enlightened Souls
Green Sun1886 DīpankaraWú Liàng Shòu Fó Single-handed (Lotus Leaf) gesture9Ruling classFuxiCherry Assembly 200 million
Red Sun3,114 ShakyamuniNamo Amitābha Lotus Flower gesture18IntelligentsiaKing Wu of Zhou, Jiang Ziya, Duke of Shao, and Shi YiPeach Assembly 200 million
White Sun10,800 MaitreyaWú Tài Fó Mí Lè Lotus root gesture, done by touching the proximal phalanges of the ring finger using the thumb81CommonersJi GongNagapushpa Assembly 9.6 billion