Thomas Brisbane
Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, 1st Baronet, was a British Army officer, colonial administrator and astronomer. He served in many important wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including front-line action during the Peninsular War. Upon the recommendation of the Duke of Wellington, with whom Brisbane had served, he was appointed as Governor of New South Wales from 1821 to 1825.
In the colony, he implemented expansionist land policies that benefited wealthy colonists, while also augmenting the system of convict punishment. A keen astronomer, he built the colony's second observatory and encouraged scientific and agricultural training. Brisbane also declared martial law against the Indigenous Wiradjuri people to quash their resistance to colonisation. The convict settlement of Brisbane established during his tenure was named in his honour and is now the third largest city in Australia.
Early life
Brisbane was born in 1773 at Brisbane House in Noddsdale, near Largs in Ayrshire, Scotland, the son of Sir Thomas Brisbane and his wife Eleanora. He was born into an aristocratic military family and as a child was home educated by prestigious tutors. As a teenager, he was educated at the University of Edinburgh, and later boarded at an English academy in Kensington, London, where he learnt mathematics and astronomy.Military career
In 1789, Brisbane joined the 38th Regiment of the British Army as a junior officer and was posted to Ireland.French Revolutionary Wars
On the outbreak of war with France, he transferred to the 53rd Regiment and fought in Holland under the command of the Duke of York. He participated in the Siege of Valenciennes in June 1793 and the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793. He also took part in the Siege of Nieuwpoort in October 1793, the Siege of Landrecies in April 1794, the Battle of Tournay in May 1794 and finally the Siege of Nijmegen before the British army in the Low Countries was evacuated and returned to England in spring 1795.West Indies
In November 1795, the 53rd Regiment were embarked for the West Indies, where it fought against French forces for control of the region. Brisbane took part in the capture of Saint Lucia from the French in May 1796, participating in the capture and sacking of the colonial capital of Morne Fortune.Later in 1796, he participated in the suppression of an uprising by Kalinago and Garifuna people under Joseph Chatoyer in Saint Vincent. During the uprising, Brisbane personally killed Kalinago chief Taquin and participated in the deportation of 5,000 Garifuna to the small island of Baliceaux in the Grenadines.
He later partook in expeditions to Trinidad and Puerto Rico in February 1797 and April 1797 respectively. Brisbane then transferred to the 69th Regiment which returned to England in 1802 after being stationed in Jamaica.
Peninsula War
After a brief period of being retired on half-pay, Brisbane was appointed as an army assistant in the Adjutant-General's office, serving under the Duke of Wellington. In 1813 he was promoted to major general in the 74th Regiment and saw much action during the Peninsular War, including leading a brigade in the 3rd Division that broke through at the Battle of Vitoria.For his services in the Peninsula War, Brisbane received the Army Gold Cross with one clasp for the battles of Vitoria, the Pyrenees, Nivelle, Orthez, and Toulouse; and the silver war medal with one clasp for the Nive.
North America
With the forces of Napoleon all but defeated, Brisbane was appointed as a brigade commander to lead troops in the concurrent British war with the United States. In 1814 he led his brigade at the Battle of Plattsburgh, which Brisbane claimed they could have won if they had been allowed to launch a full infantry attack. During the battle, he used the Charles C. Platt Homestead as his headquarters.Paris occupying force
With the United States defeating the British at Plattsburgh and the Napoleonic forces finally being vanquished at the Battle of Waterloo, Brisbane was returned to Europe and given command of twelve regiments to occupy Paris in accordance with the Treaty of Paris. From 1815 to 1818, Brisbane remained in Paris before the occupation forces were recalled to England.In November 1819 he married Anna Maria Hay Makdougall of Makerstoun, Roxburghshire, Scotland. On his father-in-law's death, Brisbane assumed the additional surname, becoming Makdougall Brisbane.
Governor of New South Wales
Land grants to the rich and increased convict punishment
In 1821, on the recommendation of the Duke of Wellington, Brisbane was appointed as Governor of New South Wales, a post he held until 1825. Brisbane took over the government on 1 December 1821, and at once proceeded to carry out the reforms recommended in the report of John Bigge. This report disparaged the policies of the previous governor, Lachlan Macquarie, which the conservative Tory British government at the time regarded as wasteful, expensive, and too lenient on the convicts.Guided by the Bigge report and instructions from the High Tory British Secretary of State, Earl Bathurst, Brisbane re-established the Norfolk Island convict settlement and oversaw the formation of new penal colonies at Port Macquarie and also at Sarah Island on the remote west coast of Van Diemen's Land. These establishments were to serve as dreaded places of isolation and punishment for the convicts. In 1823, Brisbane also sent Lieutenant John Oxley to find another new site for convicts who were repeat offenders. Oxley surveyed a large river flowing into Moreton Bay and a year later, the first convicts arrived at the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement. Brisbane visited the settlement in December 1824 and Oxley suggested that the river be named the Brisbane River. The settlement was also renamed as Brisbane after him, which was later opened to free settlers in 1839.
Brisbane also introduced a new land grant system which stipulated that for every acre granted the grantee would be assigned, free of expense to the crown, one convict labourer. Large land grants given to rich and well-connected colonists were favoured through this system, including a contract of a million acres to a consortium of entrepreneurs led by John Macarthur known as the Australian Agricultural Company. This policy enabled the colonial government to drastically reduce the maintenance costs of convicts while providing rich colonists with accessible cheap labour.
These decisions firmly halted the socially progressive policies of Lachlan Macquarie and reaffirmed strong class distinctions within the colonial society. The exclusive 'Pure Merino' class of colonists were able obtain large areas of land and significant political influence. This class of colonist evolved to dominate much of colonial society for many years, becoming known as the squattocracy.
Free press and representative government
Although Brisbane introduced many of the recommendations of Bigge's report, he did not limit his attention just to this. When Dr. Robert Wardell and William Wentworth brought out their paper the Australian in 1824, Brisbane tried the experiment of allowing full latitude of the freedom of the press.He also implemented the beginnings of representative government by the establishment in 1823 of the first New South Wales Legislative Council. Although there were only a handful of members in this council, all of which were appointed by Brisbane and had no real power except to advise the governor, it gradually evolved over decades into a modern elective representative body.
Colonial expansion
In contrast to the previous governorship of Lachlan Macquarie, who was very cautious in the process of British expansion into the continent, Brisbane's rapid granting of large areas of land to venture capitalists and colonists resulted in a significant expansion of British land appropriation. This was particularly the case in the areas around Bathurst and in the Hunter Valley. Brisbane gave away around 100,000 acres of land in the Bathurst region, while 500,000 acres was granted in the Hunter Valley. An additional 1,000,000 acres was granted to the Australian Agricultural Company in the Port Stephens area.The expansion of British influence into more remote areas was also achieved by the establishment of the new convict colonies at Port Macquarie, Sarah Island and Moreton Bay. Brisbane also set up a convict agricultural training facility on the colonial frontier at Wellington, and a military outpost on the northern coast of Australia at Fort Dundas.
The Bathurst War
The rapid rate of land appropriation in the Bathurst region during Brisbane's time as governor caused the displacement of the resident Wiradjuri people. Their resistance to colonisation led to conflict between the British settlers and these local Indigenous Australians. The Bathurst War, as it became known, resulted in the killing of dozens of Wiradjuri men, women and children, together with the deaths of around 13 stockmen.By August 1824, this conflict was causing major disruptions to British interests in the region and, with a view of ending the war by force, Brisbane declared martial law over the Bathurst area. Soldiers under Major James Thomas Morisset scoured the region for Wiradjuri, while groups of armed colonists massacred them with impunity. When Brisbane declared an end to the war in December 1824, the Wiradjuri had been defeated with their main leader, Windradyne, suing for peace.