Tetramorium

Tetramorium is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae that includes more than 520 species. These ants are also known as pavement ants.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Tetramorium was first described by Gustav Mayr in 1855 in the same publication as Monomorium.
Revision within the genus by Wagner et al. in 2017 recognized a complex of 10 cryptic species, 3 of which were raised from subspecies classifications and 2 of which were newly described. This revision also elevated the pavement ant introduced to North America as the species T. immigrans rather than the previous designation as a subspecies of T. caespitum. These 10 species in the T. caespitum complex are as follows:Tetramorium alpestre Steiner, Schlick-Steiner & Seifert, 2010Tetramorium breviscapus Wagner et al., 2017Tetramorium caespitum Tetramorium caucasicum Wagner et al., 2017Tetramorium fusciclava Consani & Zangheri, 1952Tetramorium hungaricum Röszler, 1935Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927Tetramorium impurum Tetramorium indocile Santschi, 1927Tetramorium staerckei Kratochvíl, 1944

Description

Workers of most species have a ridged clypeus, an appendaged stinger, mandibles with 3 or 4 teeth, and antennae with 11 or 12 segments or with 3-segmented clubs on the tips. The genus is divided into several species groups defined by various characters.

Distribution

Most species are distributed throughout the Afrotropical and Indomalayan realms. Ten species have been recorded from Japan. One species of pavement ant, T. immigrans, is native to Europe and was probably introduced to North America starting in the 18th century.

Biology

Most known species nest in the soil, in decaying wood, or in leaf litter. Some live in trees or in termite nests.

Species

Tetramorium aculeatum Tetramorium adelphon Bolton, 1979Tetramorium adpressum Tetramorium aegeum Radchenko, 1992Tetramorium africanum Tetramorium agile Arnold, 1960Tetramorium agnum Tetramorium akermani Arnold, 1926Tetramorium altivagans Santschi, 1914Tetramorium alpestre Steiner, Schlick-Steiner & Seifert, 2010Tetramorium amalae Sharaf & Aldawood, 2012Tetramorium amatongae Bolton, 1980Tetramorium amaurum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium amentete Bolton, 1980Tetramorium amissum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium amium Forel, 1912Tetramorium andrei Forel, 1892Tetramorium andrynicum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium angulinode Santschi, 1910Tetramorium anodontion Bolton, 1979Tetramorium antennatum Tetramorium antipodum Wheeler, 1927Tetramorium antrema Tetramorium anxium Santschi, 1914Tetramorium aptum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium argenteopilosum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium armatum Santschi, 1927Tetramorium arnoldi Tetramorium arzi Thome, 1969Tetramorium asetyum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium aspersum Tetramorium ataxium Bolton, 1980Tetramorium avium Bolton, 1980Tetramorium banyulense Bernard, 1983Tetramorium barbigerum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium barryi Mathew, 1981Tetramorium basum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium baufra Tetramorium belgaense Forel, 1902Tetramorium bellicosum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium bequaerti Forel, 1913Tetramorium berbiculum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium bessonii Forel, 1891Tetramorium bevisi Arnold, 1958Tetramorium bicarinatum Tetramorium bicolor Viehmeyer, 1914Tetramorium biskrense Forel, 1904Tetramorium bothae Forel, 1910Tetramorium brevicorne Bondroit, 1918Tetramorium brevidentatum Tetramorium breviscapus Wagner et al., 2017Tetramorium brevispinosum Tetramorium browni Bolton, 1980Tetramorium bulawayense Forel, 1913Tetramorium bursakovi Radchenko, 1992Tetramorium buthrum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium caespitum Tetramorium caldarium Tetramorium calidum Forel, 1907Tetramorium calinum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium camerunense Mayr, 1895Tetramorium candidum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium capense Mayr, 1865Tetramorium capillosum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium capitale Tetramorium carinatum Tetramorium caucasicum Wagner et al., 2017Tetramorium centum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium chapmani Bolton, 1977Tetramorium chefteki Forel, 1911Tetramorium chepocha Tetramorium chloe Tetramorium christiei Forel, 1902Tetramorium ciliatum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium clunum Forel, 1913Tetramorium cognatum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium coillum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium coloreum Mayr, 1901Tetramorium concaviceps Bursakov, 1984Tetramorium confine Radchenko & Arakelian, 1990Tetramorium confusum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium constanciae Arnold, 1917Tetramorium convexum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium coonoorense Forel, 1902Tetramorium crepum Wang & Wu, 1988Tetramorium cristatum Stitz, 1910Tetramorium crypticum Tetramorium cuneinode Bolton, 1977Tetramorium curtulum Emery, 1895Tetramorium curvispinosum Mayr, 1897Tetramorium cynicum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium davidi Forel, 1911Tetramorium decamerum Tetramorium deceptum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium dedefra Tetramorium degener Santschi, 1911Tetramorium delagoense Forel, 1894Tetramorium densopilosum Radchenko & Arakelian, 1990Tetramorium depressiceps Menozzi, 1933Tetramorium desertorum Tetramorium dichroum Santschi, 1932Tetramorium difficile Bolton, 1977Tetramorium diligens Tetramorium diomandei Bolton, 1980Tetramorium distinctum Tetramorium do Forel, 1914Tetramorium dogieli Karavaiev, 1931Tetramorium dolichosum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium dominum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium doriae Emery, 1881Tetramorium dumezi Menozzi, 1942Tetramorium dysalum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium dysderke Bolton, 1980Tetramorium edouardi Forel, 1894Tetramorium eleates Forel, 1913Tetramorium electrum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium elidisum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium elisabethae Forel, 1904Tetramorium emeryi Mayr, 1901Tetramorium eminii Tetramorium erectum Emery, 1895Tetramorium ericae Arnold, 1917Tetramorium etiolatum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium exasperatum Emery, 1891Tetramorium fergusoni Forel, 1902Tetramorium ferox Ruzsky, 1903Tetramorium feroxoide Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985Tetramorium fezzanense Bernard, 1948Tetramorium flabellum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium flagellatum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium flaviceps Arnold, 1960Tetramorium flavipes Emery, 1893Tetramorium flavithorax Tetramorium forte Forel, 1904Tetramorium frenchi Forel, 1914Tetramorium frigidum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium fulviceps Tetramorium furtivum Tetramorium fusciclava Consani & Zangheri, 1952Tetramorium fuscipes Tetramorium gabonense Tetramorium galoasanum Santschi, 1910Tetramorium gambogecum Tetramorium gazense Arnold, 1958Tetramorium gegaimi Forel, 1916Tetramorium geminatum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium gestroi Tetramorium ghindanum Forel, 1910Tetramorium glabratum Stitz, 1923Tetramorium gladstonei Forel, 1913Tetramorium goniommoide Poldi, 1979Tetramorium gracile Forel, 1894Tetramorium grandinode Santschi, 1913Tetramorium granulatum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium grassii Emery, 1895Tetramorium guineense Tetramorium hapale Bolton, 1980Tetramorium hippocrate Agosti & Collingwood, 1987Tetramorium hispidum Tetramorium hortorum Arnold, 1958Tetramorium humbloti Forel, 1891Tetramorium hungaricum Röszler, 1935Tetramorium ibycterum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium ictidum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium imbelle Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927Tetramorium impressum Tetramorium impurum Tetramorium incruentatum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium indicum Forel, 1913Tetramorium indocile Santschi, 1927Tetramorium indosinense Wheeler, 1927Tetramorium inerme Mayr, 1877Tetramorium inezulae Tetramorium infraspinosum Karavaiev, 1935Tetramorium infraspinum Forel, 1905Tetramorium inglebyi Forel, 1902Tetramorium insolens Tetramorium intextum Santschi, 1914Tetramorium intonsum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium invictum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium isectum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium isipingense Forel, 1914Tetramorium jauresi Forel, 1914Tetramorium jejunum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium jiangxiense Wang & Xiao, 1988Tetramorium jizane Collingwood, 1985Tetramorium jordani Santschi, 1937Tetramorium juba Collingwood, 1985Tetramorium jugatum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium kabulistanicum Pisarski, 1967Tetramorium karakalense Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985Tetramorium katypum Tetramorium kelleri Forel, 1887Tetramorium kestrum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium kheperra Tetramorium khnum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium khyarum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium kisilkumense Dlussky, 1990Tetramorium kraepelini Forel, 1905Tetramorium krynitum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium kydelphon Bolton, 1979Tetramorium laevithorax Emery, 1895Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr, 1870Tetramorium laparum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium laticephalum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium latreillei Forel, 1895Tetramorium legone Bolton, 1980Tetramorium lobulicorne Santschi, 1916Tetramorium longicorne Forel, 1907Tetramorium longoi Forel, 1915Tetramorium lucayanum Wheeler, 1905Tetramorium lucidulum Menozzi, 1933Tetramorium luteipes Santschi, 1910Tetramorium luteolum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium magnificum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium mai Wang, 1993Tetramorium manni Bolton, 1985Tetramorium marginatum Forel, 1895Tetramorium matopoense Arnold, 1926Tetramorium maurum Santschi, 1918Tetramorium mayri Tetramorium megalops Bolton, 1977Tetramorium melanogyna Mann, 1919Tetramorium menkaura Tetramorium meressei Forel, 1916Tetramorium meridionale Emery, 1870Tetramorium meshena Bolton, 1976Tetramorium metactum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium mexicanum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium microgyna Santschi, 1918Tetramorium microps Tetramorium minimum Tetramorium minusculum Tetramorium miserabile Santschi, 1918Tetramorium mixtum Forel, 1902Tetramorium monardi Tetramorium mossamedense Forel, 1901Tetramorium muralti Forel, 1910Tetramorium muscorum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium mutatum Bolton, 1985Tetramorium myops Bolton, 1977Tetramorium nacta Tetramorium naganum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium nautarum Santschi, 1918Tetramorium navum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium nazgul Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012Tetramorium nefassitense Forel, 1910Tetramorium nigrum Forel, 1907Tetramorium nipponense Wheeler, 1928Tetramorium nitidissimum Pisarski, 1967Tetramorium nodiferum Tetramorium noratum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium notiale Bolton, 1980Tetramorium nube Weber, 1943Tetramorium nursei Bingham, 1903Tetramorium obesum Andre, 1887Tetramorium obtusidens Viehmeyer, 1916Tetramorium occidentale Tetramorium ocothrum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium oculatum Forel, 1913Tetramorium ornatum Emery, 1897Tetramorium osiris Tetramorium pacificum Mayr, 1870Tetramorium palaense Bolton, 1979Tetramorium parasiticum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium parvispinum Tetramorium parvum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium pauper Forel, 1907Tetramorium peringueyi Arnold, 1926Tetramorium perlongum Santschi, 1923Tetramorium persignatum Bolton, 1995Tetramorium petersi Forel, 1910Tetramorium peutli Forel, 1916Tetramorium phasias Forel, 1914Tetramorium pialtum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium pilosum Emery, 1893Tetramorium pinnipilum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium placidum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium platynode Bolton, 1980Tetramorium pleganon Bolton, 1979Tetramorium plesiarum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium plumosum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium pnyxis Bolton, 1976Tetramorium pogonion Bolton, 1980Tetramorium politum Emery, 1897Tetramorium postpetiolatum Santschi, 1919Tetramorium poweri Forel, 1914Tetramorium praetextum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium proximum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium psymanum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium pulchellum Emery, 1897Tetramorium pulcherrimum Tetramorium pullulum Santschi, 1924Tetramorium punctiventre Emery, 1887Tetramorium punicum Tetramorium pusillum Emery, 1895Tetramorium pylacum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium pyrenaeicum Roeszler, 1937Tetramorium quadridentatum Stitz, 1910Tetramorium quadrispinosum Emery, 1886Tetramorium qualarum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium quasirum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium ranarum Forel, 1895Tetramorium regulare Bolton, 1980Tetramorium rekhefe Bolton, 1979Tetramorium repentinum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium repletum Wang & Xiao, 1988Tetramorium reptana Bolton, 1976Tetramorium reticuligerum Bursakov, 1984Tetramorium rhetidum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium rigidum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium rimytyum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium rinatum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium robustior Forel, 1892Tetramorium rogatum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium rossi Tetramorium rothschildi Tetramorium rotundatum Tetramorium rufescens Tetramorium rugigaster Bolton, 1977Tetramorium ruginode Stitz, 1917Tetramorium saginatum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium sahlbergi Finzi, 1936Tetramorium salomo Mann, 1919Tetramorium salvatum Forel, 1902Tetramorium scabrosum Tetramorium schaufussii Forel, 1891Tetramorium schmidti Forel, 1904Tetramorium schneideri Emery, 1898Tetramorium schoutedeni Santschi, 1924Tetramorium sculptatum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium scytalum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium semilaeve Andre, 1883Tetramorium semireticulatum Arnold, 1917Tetramorium seneb Bolton, 1977Tetramorium sepositum Santschi, 1918Tetramorium sepultum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium sericeiventre Emery, 1877Tetramorium sericeum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium setigerum Mayr, 1901Tetramorium setuliferum Emery, 1895Tetramorium severini Tetramorium shensiense Bolton, 1977Tetramorium shilohense Forel, 1913Tetramorium sigillum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium signatum Emery, 1895Tetramorium sikorae Forel, 1892Tetramorium simillimum Tetramorium simulator Arnold, 1917Tetramorium sitefrum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium sjostedti Forel, 1915Tetramorium smaug Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012Tetramorium smithi Mayr, 1879Tetramorium solidum Emery, 1886Tetramorium somniculosum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium spininode Bolton, 1977Tetramorium spinosum Tetramorium splendens Ruzsky, 1902Tetramorium splendidior Tetramorium squaminode Santschi, 1911Tetramorium staerckei Kratochvíl, 1944Tetramorium steinheili Forel, 1892Tetramorium striativentre Mayr, 1877Tetramorium strictum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium striolatum Viehmeyer, 1914Tetramorium subcoecum Forel, 1907Tetramorium sudanense Tetramorium surrogatum Bolton, 1985Tetramorium syriacum Emery, 1922Tetramorium tabarum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium talpa Tetramorium tanakai Bolton, 1977Tetramorium tantillum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium taueret Bolton, 1995Tetramorium taylori Bolton, 1985Tetramorium tenebrosum Arnold, 1926Tetramorium tenuicrine Tetramorium termitobium Emery, 1908Tetramorium tersum Santschi, 1911Tetramorium thalidum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium thoth Tetramorium titus Forel, 1910Tetramorium tonganum Mayr, 1870Tetramorium tortuosum Roger, 1863Tetramorium tosii Emery, 1899Tetramorium traegaordhi Santschi, 1914Tetramorium transversarium Roger, 1863Tetramorium tricarinatum Viehmeyer, 1914Tetramorium trimeni Tetramorium tsushimae Emery, 1925Tetramorium turcomanicum Santschi, 1921Tetramorium turneri Forel, 1902Tetramorium tychadion Bolton, 1980Tetramorium tylinum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium typhlops Bolton, 1980Tetramorium ubangense Santschi, 1937Tetramorium umtaliense Arnold, 1926Tetramorium unicum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium urbanii Bolton, 1977Tetramorium validiusculum Emery, 1897Tetramorium vandalum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium vernicosum Radchenko, 1992Tetramorium versiculum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium vertigum Bolton, 1977Tetramorium vexator Arnold, 1926Tetramorium viehmeyeri Forel, 1907Tetramorium viticola Weber, 1943Tetramorium vombis Tetramorium wadje Bolton, 1980Tetramorium wagneri Viehmeyer, 1914Tetramorium walshi Tetramorium warreni Arnold, 1926Tetramorium weitzeckeri Emery, 1895Tetramorium xanthogaster Santschi, 1911Tetramorium xuthum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium yarthiellum Bolton, 1976Tetramorium yerburyi Forel, 1902Tetramorium youngi Bolton, 1980Tetramorium zahrae Santschi, 1923Tetramorium zambezium Santschi, 1939Tetramorium zapyrum Bolton, 1980Tetramorium zenatum Bolton, 1979Tetramorium zonacaciae Tetramorium zypidum Bolton, 1977