Terracotta temples of West Bengal
Radh Bengal is a region in West Bengal also known as the Temple Town. This region consists of arrays of temples in varying sizes and devoted to different gods and goddess but the common thread unifying this group is that the temples are constructed in terracotta. The region consists of following districts Birbhum, Bankura, Burdwan, Purulia and parts of Murshidabad. The construction style originated in 16th century and lasted till the 19th century. This period is also referred as a golden age of temple in West Bengal. Reason for development of this construction technique was the rich red laterite soil of the region and lack of construction worthy stone. The skill of creating daily objects from like vessels, pottery, seal and toys evolved into a construction technique in the time of need. These temples are baked terracotta panels or bricks. This particular style spread outside the present day West Bengal as well, to Jharkhand, Bihar, Assam and Tripura.
History
Religious landscape of Bengal was dominated by Nagar style temple till 12th century and after that few centuries were dedicated to Islamic religious building till the 16th century. After the throne was ascended by Bir Hambir, king of the Malla Dynasty of Mallabhum and he became the disciple of Acharya Srinivas, which led to establishment of a Vaishnava culture. Establishment of the Vaishnav movement, especially around Radha-Krishna that lead to the construction of terracotta temples in the region. Muslim rulers during this period were religiously tolerant and allowed the other religions to flourish which contributed in development of Vaishnav culture and construction of magnificent terracotta temple.Story of Bir Hambir embracing Vaishnavism
According to the treaties of the Prem-vilasa of Nityananda Das alias Balaram Das and the Bhakti-ratnakara of Narahari Chakravarti, Bir Hambir was a wicked king, who robbed Acharya Srinivas and his devotees while they were on their way to Gaur from Vrindavan. Acharya Srinivas did not give up and stood strong, he persuaded the King read to Bhagavad. This experience transformed him and motivate him to become a follower of Vaishnavism.Construction technique
Construction of the terracotta temple consists of a brick masonry core. In case of the walls, the brick core is made of horizontally laid bricks followed by a layer of lime plaster, on which baked terracotta panels are then affixed. Bricks are also laid horizontally on stretchers for roofing system of vaults and domes. For construction of arches the bricks are cut out is tapering manner to form voussoirs, the curved brick also aided in making vaults and swelled cornices as well. Major construction materials were fired bricks and lime mortar. Lime mortar was created by processing snail shells and for roofing a very hard traditional plaster was used. In some cases the decorative terracotta panels were embedded in the wall. Different shapes of bricks are also used in making contours and surface modulations in facade and contours.Architectural style
Terracotta temples is divided into four categories as per their form composition and structure style and not the construction style - Chala, Ratna, Deul and Dalan. The temples of pre-Muslim period can be called tall curvilinear rekha deul. Popularly seen hut style temples have two variations Chala and Bangla style, this style is influenced from huts of Bengal, commonly known a Bengal Roof. Chala temple consists of a sloping roof joined at curvilinear edges and ending in arched cornices, there are further variations in the style in which the number of chalas are increased or their formation is modified. Do Chala style has a roof sloping on two sides with a ridge at the top, another style is Jor Bangla which is composed of twin do chala attached to each other. Further modification of do chala is char chala which is a four sided sloping roof and then ath chala which is a char chala mounted with smaller char chala. Plan of these temple are generally simple, composed of a square or rectangle.Ground floor plan remains a simple square or rectangle in Ratna style as well, the differentiation is seen in the case of the roof. The roofing system is composed of a flat roof with pinnacle tower on top, each tower is considered as a temple and are generally present in odd numbers. Name of the typology changes as per the number of towers such as ek-ratna and pancha-ratna and naba-ratna. Maximum number of towers or spires seen are twenty five.
Theme and motifs of ornamentation
The region was under the influence of Vaishnaba Padabolies and Rasashastra. In accordance to the said influence, we find that the walls are adorned with plaques depicting Krishna katha and Ramakatha, providing historical influence about Chaitanyadev and the Bhakti movement. The ornamentation is not concentrated just on the main body of the temple but can be observed on pillar and niches as well.The motifs depicted on the temples are from four categories plants, animals, solar system and geometric. Lotus is one of the most common occurring plant motif, in both bud and blooming stage, surrounded by other flowers. Motifs related to animals represented by swan, peacock, fish, tigers, lions, monkeys, elephants, horses, ostrich birds etc. Sun moon and stars also occur frequently.Geometrical motifs are seen on horizontal bands with composition including basic shapes like square, rectangle, triangle, half-circle and lines.