Teochew Romanization

Teochew Romanization, also known as Swatow Church Romanization, or locally as Pe̍h-ūe-jī, is an orthography similar to Pe̍h-ōe-jī used to write the Teochew language. It was introduced by John Campbell Gibson and William Duffus, two British missionaries, to Swatow in 1875.

History

Romanization of Teochew can be traced back to the 1840s. The earliest attempt to write the language in the Latin script was undertaken by Baptist missionary William Dean in his 1841 publication First Lessons in the Tie-chiw Dialect published in Bangkok, Thailand; however, his tonal system was said to be incomplete.
The first complete orthographic system was devised by John Campbell Gibson and William Duffus, two Presbyterianism missionaries, in 1875. The orthography was generally based on the Pe̍h-ōe-jī system, another work of presbyterian origin devised for the Amoy dialect. The first translation of the Gospel of Luke in Swatow romanization was published in 1876. It has been said that the vernacular orthographic system is more easier for illiterate persons to learn in their own mother tongue.
Besides Gibson and Duffus's original romanization system, several variations of the system were later devised, such as those by William Ashmore and Lim Hiong Seng.
Other systems developed by Baptist missionaries such as Adele Marion Fielde and Josiah Goddard were generally used as a means of phonetic notation instead of a full orthographic system.
Through the church's use of the romanization system, the number of users of the system grew and came to its high point in the 1910s. However, starting in the 1920s, the Chinese government promoted education in Mandarin and more people learned to read and write in Chinese characters. Thus, the promotion of romanized vernacular writing become less necessary. By the 1950s, there were an estimated one thousand users of the system remaining in the Chaoshan area.

Spelling schemes

Alphabet

The orthography uses 18 letters of the basic Latin alphabet.

Capital letters

CHH

TSH

Ṳ

Lowercase letters

chh

ⁿ

tsh

ṳ

Initial

The initial consonants in Teochew are listed below:
The letters in the table represent the initial with its pronunciation in IPA, followed by the example of Chinese word and its translation in Teochew romanization.
The affricate consonants ts/ch, tsh/chh, and z/j are three allophone pairs where those alveolar affricate|voiced] and voiceless alveolar affricate will shift to voiced and voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate when they meet with close or close-mid front vowels.

Finals

The rhymes used in the orthography are listed below:
The Latin alphabet sets in the table represent the spelling of syllable final in the system with its pronunciation in IPA, followed by the example of Chinese word and its translation in Teochew romanization.
Nowadays, in most cities in Chaoshan, alveolar codas have largely shifted to velar codas ; therefore, they are not found in the Peng'im system which was developed later in the 1960s. However, these codas are still present among native speakers particularly in few border townships like Fenghuang, Sanrao, and Nan'ao.

Tones

There are eight tones in Teochew and are indicated as below,

Number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Chinese Tone names	Dark-level wikt:陰平	Dark-rising wikt:陰上	Dark-departing wikt:陰去	Dark-entering wikt:陰入	Light-level wikt:陽平	Light-rising wikt:陽上	Light-departing wikt:陽去	Light-entering wikt:陽入
Chinese Tone names	Upper-even 上平	Upper-high 上上	Upper-going 上去	Upper-entering 上入	Lower-even 下平	Lower-high 下上	Lower-going 下去	Lower-entering 下入
Chinese Tone names	Upper-level 上平	Rising wikt:上聲	Upper-departing 上去	Upper-entering 上入	Lower-level 下平	Lower-departing 下去	Departing wikt:去聲	Lower-entering 下入
Pitches	˧	˥˨	˨˩˧	˨	˥	˧˥	˩	˦
Tone types	Mid level	High falling	Low dipping	Low stop	Top level	High rising	Bottom level	High stop
Diacritics	none	Acute accent	Grave accent	none	Circumflex	Tilde	Macron	Overstroke
Example	分	粉	訓	忽	雲	混	份	佛
Sandhi	1	6	2 or 5	8	7 or 3	3 or 7	7 or 3	4

Both the first and the fourth tones are unmarked but can be differenced by their coda-endings; those with the first tone end with an open vowel which could be either simple or nasalised, or end in a nasal consonant such as -m, -n, -ng, while those with the fourth tone end with a stop consonant such as -p, -t, -k, and -h.
Teochew features tone sandhi where for any compound that contains more than one word, sandhi rules apply to all words except the last one in each phrase. For example, in the Swatow dialect, would be pronounced as, where all words in the compound undergo tone sandhi except for the final word in each compound: and. The tones markings of each word do not actually change to indicate tone sandhi and are written with their original tone markings.