Tennis technology
Since the sport's inception, the design and manufacture of tennis equipment has been affected by technological advances and regulations. As is common in major sports, regulations became more exacting over time, with improvements affecting the qualities of the tennis racket and the tennis ball.
Rackets
As materials improved, becoming lighter and stronger, rackets were made larger, accordingly. Larger rackets have more surface area, making them easier for many players to return a ball. Sizes are:- Mid: and below
- Mid-plus:
- Oversized:
- Super-oversized: and larger
Materials
From the sport's birth in the 1870s until the 1970s nearly all rackets were wooden, made of one or more timbers selected for their particular characteristics. Wood rackets sometimes needed a press to stop the heads warping when not in use. Later designs used metals such as steel, aluminium, magnesium and titanium.Billie Jean King won the first Grand Slam title ever in 1967 using a racket made out of steel - the Wilson T2000. It was the first time in history that a racket other than wood had been used to win a Grand Slam. Steel rackets had been around since 1922 but were first patented in 1957.
In 1968, Spalding launched an aluminium racket, called the "Smasher". Aluminium is lighter and more flexible than steel, but stiffer – and therefore less accurate – than wood. Because of this, most of the top players still preferred to use wooden frames – and a decade later they were still in use.
1980s graphite introduction
In the early 1980s, "graphite" composites were introduced, and other materials were added to the composite, including ceramics, glass-fibre, boron, and titanium. The Dunlop Max200G used by John McEnroe from 1983 was an early graphite racket, along with the Prince original graphite. Composite rackets are the contemporary standard; the last wooden racquet appeared at Wimbledon in 1987. Later, people experimented with materials such as boron, ceramics, graphite, and composites. Each material had its own desirable qualities but ceramics and graphite were the best picks for being stiff as well as being good with vibration reduction.Strings
Pierre Babolat was the inventor of the earliest strings. He produced strings that were made from sheep intestines. Natural gut was later constructed with cow's intestines and remains one of the high performing strings in the world, still used by some of the greatest players of all time, such as Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic.In efforts to create a more economical option, synthetic reproductions of gut were made, generally out of nylon. Synthetic guts are generally defined by their single-cre nylon construction, though technically, multifilament strings, defined by their multi-core construction are also synthetic guts.
In 1991, Luxilon produced the first polyester string, called Big Banger. In 1997, a predecessor string, ALU Power, would win its first grand slam at the French Open in the racquet of Guga Kuerten. These polyester strings offered a few key advantages, from improved control to superior durability, but their primary strength was spin potential, offering such a noticeable advantage over tradition gut that Pete Sampras would dub the string "Cheatalon." Polyester strings are the most popular strings today, both at recreational level and on the professional tour, with recent slam champions, Carlos Alcaraz and Jannik Sinner both choose to exclusively string their racquets with polyester strings.