Sulphur-bellied flycatcher
The sulphur-bellied flycatcher is a large member of the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is regularly found from southern Arizona in the United States south to Bolivia and occurs casually or as a vagrant further north, east, and south of its usual range.
Taxonomy and systematics
The sulphur-bellied flycatcher is monotypic. Because there is much clinal variation in size and plumage, several subspecies have been proposed but not accepted. The sulphur-bellied flycatcher and the streaked flycatcher are sister species.Description
The sulphur-bellied flycatcher is about long and weighs about. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a pale hoary gray or grayish white forecrown and supercilium. They have a brownish gray to olive crown with blackish streaks and a large, usually hidden, canary-yellow patch in the center. They have dusky lores; the color extends to the ear coverts and forms a dark "mask". Below the mask is a wide white stripe with thin dusky streaks and below that a thin dusky stripe. Their nape and upperparts to the upper rump are light olive with a buffy tinge and dusky centers to the feathers that give a streaked appearance. Their lower rump and uppertail coverts are cinnamon-rufous with dusky streaks. Their wings are dusky with wide yellowish white to primrose yellow edges on the outer webs of the median and greater coverts and inner secondaries. The inner webs of the median coverts have wide grayish olive to buffy grayish edges, the outer greater coverts have a pale cinnamon wash, and the outer webs of the primary coverts and primaries have thin pale olive to buffy grayish edges. Their tail is mostly cinnamon-rufous with dusky shafts that show as streaks. Their chin and the sides of their throat are grayish olive with dusky streaks and the rest of their throat is white with dusky streaks. The rest of their underparts are primrose-yellow to sulphur-yellow with wide coarse black or dusky streaks on the breast and thinner streaks on the sides and flanks. They have a brown to dark brown iris, a dusky or blackish bill with a dusky white base to the mandible, and dusky, plumbeous, or black legs and feet. Juveniles have little or no yellow crown patch, a strong brownish buffy tinge to their upperparts, and cinnamon-buff edges on the wing coverts and secondaries.Distribution and habitat
The sulphur-bellied flycatcher breeds in the Madrean sky islands of southeastern Arizona and south from there through western Mexico to central Costa Rica. It also breeds from southern Nuevo León and southern Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico south through eastern Mexico, including the Yucatán Peninsula, to join the western range in Guatemala. It is absent in central Mexico, the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula, and from central Chiapas into south-central Guatemala. It passes in migration from Costa Rica south through Panama and western Colombia and winters on the eastern slope of the Andes from northern Ecuador south through eastern Peru and across most of north-central Bolivia. There are multiple records in California, central Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas and a few in Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida. It has occurred as a vagrant in Nevada and Massachusetts, and in Ontario, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland in Canada. In South America it has occurred as a vagrant in Brazil, Chile, and Venezuela.In its breeding range the sulphur-bellied flycatcher inhabits deciduous forest, gallery forest, and the edges of evergreen forest in the tropical and subtropical zones. In Arizona it typically is found in riparian canyons. In migration the species favors somewhat open woodlands and the edges of denser forest. On its wintering grounds it mostly inhabits forest along rivers but also occurs in disturbed and secondary forest and in the edges and canopy of unbroken tropical forest. In Mexico and northern Central America it ranges in elevation mostly between sea level and about. In Costa Rica it breeds up to but not in the Caribbean lowlands; migrants are found up to. In Colombia it is found below. In Ecuador it is found only below but in Peru ranges between.