Phenylpropanoids metabolism
The biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids involves a number of enzymes.
From amino acids to cinnamates
In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is an enzyme that transforms L-phenylalanine and tyrosine into trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid, respectively.
Trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase is the enzyme that transforms trans-cinnamate into 4-hydroxycinnamate. 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase is the enzyme that transforms 4-coumarate into 4-coumaroyl-CoA.
Enzymes associated with biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acids
- Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, an enzyme that transforms cinnamyl alcohol into cinnamaldehyde
- Sinapine esterase, an enzyme that transforms sinapoylcholine into sinapate and choline
- Trans-cinnamate 2-monooxygenase, an enzyme that transforms trans-cinnamate into 2-hydroxycinnamate
- Caffeate O-methyltransferase, an enzyme that transforms caffeic acid into ferulic acid
- Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, an enzyme that transforms caffeoyl-CoA into feruloyl-CoA
- 5-O--D-quinate 3'-monooxygenase, an enzyme that transforms trans-5-O--D-quinate into trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinate
- Sinapoylglucose—choline O-sinapoyltransferase, an enzyme that transforms 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose into sinapoylcholine
- Sinapoylglucose—malate O-sinapoyltransferase, an enzyme that transforms 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose into sinapoyl--malate
- Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, an enzyme that transforms cinnamoyl-CoA from cinnamaldehyde
Conjugation enzymes
- 2-coumarate O-beta-glucosyltransferase, the enzyme that transforms trans-2-hydroxycinnamate into trans-beta-D-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate
- Hydroxycinnamate 4-beta-glucosyltransferase, the enzyme that transforms p-coumaric acid into 4-O-beta-D-glucosyl-4-hydroxycinnamate
- Shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, the enzyme that transforms 4-coumaroyl-CoA into 4-coumaroylshikimate
- Quinate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, the enzyme that transforms feruloyl-CoA into O-feruloylquinate
- Sinapate 1-glucosyltransferase, the enzyme that transforms sinapate into 1-sinapoyl-D-glucose
- Coniferyl-alcohol glucosyltransferase, the enzyme that transforms coniferyl alcohol into coniferin
Deconjugation enzymes
- Coniferin beta-glucosidase, in the glucosidase that transforms coniferin into coniferol
Stilbenoids biosynthesis
- Pinosylvin synthase, an enzyme that transforms pinosylvin from cinnamoyl-CoA
- Trihydroxystilbene synthase, an enzyme that transforms 4-coumaroyl-CoA to resveratrol.
[Coumarin]s biosynthesis
- Scopoletin glucosyltransferase, the enzyme that transforms scopoletin into scopolin
Chalcones biosynthesis
Flavonoids biosynthesis
Conjugate ring-closure of chalcones results in the familiar form of flavonoids, the three-ringed structure of a flavone.Biodegradation
Hydroxycinnamic acids degradation
- Caffeate 3,4-dioxygenase is an enzyme that uses 3,4-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate and oxygen to produce 3--cis,cis-muconate.