Stephen II Gutkeled
Stephen from the kindred Gutkeled was a Hungarian lord in the second half of the 13th century, who served as Judge royal from 1278 to 1279.
Ancestry
Stephen was born into the Sárvármonostor branch of the powerful gens (clan) Gutkeled. He was the third son of Stephen (I), Ban of Slavonia and Captain of Styria. His brothers were Nicholas (II), Joachim and Paul. While the former two held petty positions in the royal court of King Béla IV of Hungary in 1263, Stephen and Paul were mentioned as minors in that year. Since Stephen was already among the barons of the realm in 1272 and his father died in 1260, he was most likely born in the early 1250s.Career
Early career
The beginning of his career coincides with the development of feudal anarchy, to which the activities of his brother Joachim contributed greatly. Following the assassination of Béla of Macsó in November 1272, his duchy was divided among the members of the leading noble families. The young Stephen was granted the newly established Banate of Bosnia, a southern province in the Kingdom of Hungary. He held the office until May 1273, when Dowager Queen Elizabeth the Cuman temporarily took control of the royal council on behalf of his minor son, King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, but soon he was restored as Ban of Bosnia within days or weeks. He was succeeded by Egidius Monoszló after another change of government amidst the Bohemian invasion of Hungary.Joachim was killed in battle in April 1277, when he attempted to eliminate the rebellion that the Babonić family had started in Slavonia. The Babonići plundered many of the Gutkeled possessions in the region. With Joachim's death, the power aspirations of the Gutkeled clan had declined. His brothers, Nicholas and Stephen were not ambitious enough to keep end establish a territorial domain in Slavonia. Joachim's brothers – Nicholas, Stephen and Paul – had to compensate their relative Hodos – who lost his left arm and was captured during the skirmish against the Babonići – by donating their palace in Zagreb to him. The Kőszegis and the Babonići divided the spheres of interest in Slavonia between each other, splitting the Gutkeled's province on the border of Transdanubia and Slavonia in their agreement at Dubica on 20 April 1278. The Kőszegis promised that they would not help the Gutkeleds regain their lands, which laid mostly in the newly acquired Babonić territory even if they had "royal authorization" to do so.
Royal baron
Since the Kőszegi family rebelled against the king, Ladislaus IV sought to isolate them politically. As a result, the monarch ceremonially reconciled with Stephen Gutkeled on 19 June 1278, during their meeting at Csanád in Temes County. Several prelates and barons attended the event. During the act, King Ladislaus appointed Stephen as Judge royal and ispán of Moson County. The monarch also returned all inherited and acquired estates to Stephen, which had belonged to Joachim prior to his death, including the initially royal domain Hátszeg in Hunyad County, and also Majád in Sopron County, in addition to Hutina, Sopnica and Borsonóc, all laid in Slavonia. Since Gyula Pauler, several historians considered that Stephen Gutkeled was a commander of the Hungarian forces in the Battle on the Marchfeld on 26 August 1278, alongside Matthew Csák, identifying him with Stephan von Schiltberg, whose name appears in Ottokar aus der Gaal's Steirische Reimchronik. However, it can be translated as "Stephen from the Vértes Hills", thus the commander is identical with Stephen Csák, Matthew's brother. Through the peace mediation of Palatine Matthew Csák, Timothy, Bishop of Zagreb and local clergymen, the Gutkeled brothers – Nicholas, Stephen and Paul – reconciled with the Babonići in Zagreb on 6 November 1278. In accordance with the agreement, the Gutkeleds gave up their claim to the castles Steničnjak and Krčin in Zagreb County. In exchange, the Babonići returned the lordship of Zlath to Stephen and his brothers.Stephen was replaced as Judge royal and ispán of Moson County in the summer of 1279. Around the same time, Nicholas also lost his position of Ban of Slavonia amid the feud between Ladislaus IV and papal legate Philip of Fermo over the Cuman question. Both Nicholas and Stephen were involved in the conspiracy against Ladislaus IV, when the king was captured in January 1280, in response to his confrontation against the implementation of the Cuman laws and the arrest of Philip. When Ladislaus IV again felt himself strong enough in the second half of 1280, he confiscated certain possessions from the brothers "for their transgression", however, in December 1280, he assured Paul that he would not be harmed because he had not shared with his brothers, so he confirmed him in his possessions in Szabolcs and Szatmár counties. Along with his brothers, Stephen possessed Börvely and Tótbörvely in Szatmár County, Tarján and Palkonya in Borsod County, Büd, Hugyaj, Gerel, Dada and Gáva in Szabolcs County in 1281. In addition, they also possessed the fort of Bršljanica in Križevci County, Slavonia, which was built by Joachim in the early 1270s. Because of the political turmoil in Slavonia due to the aggressive expansion by both Kőszegis and Babonići, the Majád lordship around Lake Neusiedl became the main residence of Stephen. He founded the settlement Bánfalva in Moson County, inviting German settlers. Stephen and Paul were granted the land Haragissa in Ung County by Ladislaus IV in 1283. Stephen acted a ius patron of the clan monastery of Csatár in 1284.
Having regained his influence, Stephen served as Ban of Slavonia sometime in the 1280s. According to a royal charter of Ladislaus IV without specific year, Stephen, as Ban of Slavonia, donated the aforementioned palace in Zagreb to comes Gilian, as a gift for his faithful service. Croatian historian Ivan Tkalčić placed this event in 1288, but in that year, Ladislaus stayed in Szepesség in Upper Hungary. Initially, Attila Zsoldos considered that Stephen perhaps functioned as Ban of Slavonia in the first half of 1280, following the brief imprisonment of Ladislaus IV. In May 1280, Ladislaus IV ordered this Stephen to recover the land Lapatk – which was unlawfully seized by Bachaler Olaszkai – for its rightful owners and defend their interests. Later, Zsoldos considered that Stephen served as Ban of Slavonia in 1286, excluding several other years based on Ladislaus' stays and the list of office holders between 1280 and 1288. Tamás Kádár, in contrast, placed Stephen's tenure in office in 1283, trying to synchronize the two royal charters.