Rabbitfish

Rabbitfishes or spinefoots, genus Siganus, are perciform fishes in the family Siganidae. It is the only extant genus in its family and has 29 species. In some now obsolete classifications, the species having prominent face stripes—colloquially called foxfaces-are in the genus Lo. Other species, such as the masked spinefoot, show a reduced form of the stripe pattern. Rabbitfishes are native to shallow waters in the Indo-Pacific, but S. luridus and S. rivulatus have become established in the eastern Mediterranean via Lessepsian migration. They are commercially important food fish, and can be used in the preparation of dishes such as bagoong.

Taxonomy

The genus Siganus was described in 1775 by the Danish zoologist Johan Christian Fabricius with Siganus rivulatus, a species also described by Fabricius in 1775, designated as the type species. The description was based on notes taken by the naturalist Peter Forsskål when he was on the Danish Arabia expedition and was published in Carsten Niebuhr's Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Catalog of Fishes lists the authority as " Fabricius in Niebuhr 1775" and states that the genus is valid as "Siganus Fabricius 1775".
Carl Linnaeus originally described the genus Teuthis, with the type species being Teuthis hepatus. One of the type specimens he used looks like Siganus javus, although the other is definitely not a rabbitfish, and the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has been asked to suppress the name Teuthis in favour of Siganus to reflect the prevailing usage.
The name Siganus is a latinisation of the local Arabic name for the marbled rabbitfish in Yemen, Sidjan which can also be written as Sigian, and means "rabbitfish".
In 2007 Kurriwa et al., outlined a way to split the genus—if the scientific community so desires:

An ancient group containing e.g. S. woodlandi
Another fairly small group containing, e.g., the S. canaliculatus/''S. fuscescens) complex
The remainder of Siganus, including the foxfaces

Other lineages might exist and make obsolete the somewhat weak distinction between the second and third groups. Also, it is not known where the type species S. rivulatus would fall, hence names for these three subgenera or genera are not established at present.
Hybridizaton has played a role in the evolution of the Siganidae, as evidenced by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome b'' and nDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence data. Evidence exists of interbreeding between S. guttatus and S. lineatus, as well as between S. doliatus and S. virgatus.
Also, either females of the last common ancestor of S. puellus and the S. punctatus interbred with females ancestral to the main non-foxface lineage, or males of the former hybridized with females of the last common ancestor of S. punctatissimus and the foxfaces, while males of the latter mated with females of the original foxface species.
An individual was found that looked like a slightly aberrant blue-spotted spinefoot. On investigation, it turned out to be an offspring of a hybrid between a female of that species and a male masked spinefoot, which had successfully backcrossed with the blue-spotted spinefoot.

Species

As noted above, several presumed species are suspected to actively interbreed even today; these might warrant merging as a single species. This applies to the white-spotted spinefoot and the mottled spinefoot, and to the blotched foxface and the foxface rabbitfish. Alternatively they might be very recently evolved species that have not yet undergone complete lineage sorting, but their biogeography suggests that each group is just color morphs of a single species. On the other hand, the morphologically diverse blue-spotted spinefoot might represent more than one species; orange individuals are found at the north of its range, while yellow ones occur to the south, and these two may be completely parapatric.
There are currently 29 recognized species in this genus:

Species	Common name	Image
Siganus argenteus	Streamlined spinefoot
Siganus canaliculatus	White-spotted spinefoot
Siganus corallinus	Blue-spotted spinefoot
Siganus doliatus Guérin-Méneville, 1829	Barred spinefoot
Siganus fuscescens	Mottled spinefoot
Siganus guttatus	Goldlined spinefoot
Siganus insomnis Woodland & R. C. Anderson, 2014	Bronze-lined rabbitfish
Siganus javus	Streaked spinefoot
Siganus labyrinthodes	Labyrinth spinefoot
Siganus laqueus von Bonde 1934	Brown spotted rabbitfish
Siganus lineatus	Golden-lined spinefoot
Siganus luridus	Dusky spinefoot
Siganus magnificus	Magnificent rabbitfish
Siganus niger Woodland, 1990	Black foxface
Siganus puelloides Woodland & Randall, 1979	Blackeye rabbitfish
Siganus puellus	Masked spinefoot
Siganus punctatissimus Fowler & B. A. Bean, 1929	Peppered spinefoot
Siganus punctatus	Goldspotted spinefoot
Siganus randalli Woodland, 1990	Variegated spinefoot
Siganus rivulatus Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775	Marbled spinefoot
Siganus spinus	Little spinefoot
Siganus stellatus	Brown-spotted spinefoot
Siganus sutor	Shoemaker spinefoot
Siganus trispilos Woodland & G. R. Allen, 1977	Threeblotched rabbitfish
Siganus unimaculatus	Blotched foxface
Siganus uspi Gawel & Woodland, 1974	Bicolored foxface
Siganus vermiculatus	Vermiculated spinefoot
Siganus virgatus	Barhead spinefoot
Siganus vulpinus	Foxface
Siganus woodlandi Randall & Kulbicki, 2005

Characteristics

Rabbitfishes have laterally compressed, oval bodies which may be deep, or slender. A few species have a tubular snout. The mouth is very small and is with non protractile jaws which have one row of compressed, closely set, incisor-like teeth in each jaw. The teeth overlap slightly and create a beak like structure. The dorsal fin has 13 robust spines and 10 soft rays and the front spine is short, sharp and points forward, sometimes projecting from its "pocket" but it may be enfolded. The anal fin has 7 robust spines and 9 soft rays. The pelvic fins have 2 spines with 3 soft rays between them; this characteristic is unique to the Siganidae. There is a membrane which extends from the inner pelvic fin spine to the belly with the anus sitting between these membranes. The tiny scales are cycloid and may be absent from the head region. If present on the head they are restricted to a small area of the cheek under the eye.
They range in maximum total lengths of in the case of the blotched foxface to in the streaked spinefoot.

Venom

Rabbitfish have venomous spines in the dorsal and pelvic fins. In at least three species, the venom has been found to be similar to that found in stonefish. The fin spines are equipped with well-developed venom glands. The sting is very painful, but it is generally not considered medically significant in healthy adults.

Distribution and habitat

Rabbitfishes are found in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and the coast of eastern Africa through the Pacific Ocean as far as Pitcairn Island. Two Red Sea species S. rivulatus and S. luridus have invaded the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal, a process known as Lessepsian migration. These fishes are found in inshore tropical and subtropical waters where they occur in reefs, lagoons, mangroves and seagrass beds.

Biology

All rabbitfish are diurnal; some live in schools, while others live more solitary lives among the corals. Rabbitfish sleep in crevices in the reef matrix at night. While sleeping, the rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus was observed being cleaned by the cleaner shrimp Urocaridella antonbruunii. They are herbivorous, feeding on benthic algae in the wild. However, Siganus rivulatus was recently observed feeding on jellyfish and comb jellies in the Red Sea. Also Siganus fuscescens have been observed eating prawns and other baits, suggesting that some species are opportunistic omnivorous feeders. The live passage of benthic organisms in the guts of invasive rabbitfish was shown to play a major role in the long distance dispersal and bioinvasion of foraminifera. Rabbitfish lay adhesive eggs and some species live as monogamous pairs.

Utilization

Rabbitfish can be important species for commercial fisheries, particularly the schooling species. The catch is largely sold fresh but juveniles may be dried or processed to make fish paste. Some species are used in aquaculture and some of the more colorful species are found in the aquarium trade.
Some species have been reported to be hallucinogenic.