Nongpok Ningthou
Nongpok Ningthou, also known as the Sovereign of the East or King of the East, is a deity in Sanamahism, the indigenous religion of Manipur. He is the ruling guardian deity of the eastern direction. Legend says Nongpok Ningthou and his consort Panthoibi were united in the Nongmaiching Ching mountains. Later, they were worshipped as the civilization giving deities in Meitei religion.
Nongpok Ningthou is one of the principal Umang Lais. He was originally known as Langmai Ningthou.
History
The Nongmaiching Hill was the ancestral territory of the Selloi Langmai people. This zone has the strongest worship of God Langmai Ningthou. According to the Nongmaiching Chingkoipa text, the mountain in the east and beyond the rivers is the abode of God Keinou Chingsompa.According to the Thalon text, Selloi Langmai Hill had 5 divisions. Each division was occupied by different ethnic groups. Each groups had different ancestral deities. These were later described as the 5 pillars of the Selloi Langmai country.
| Territories | Latin transliteration | Deities | Latin transliteration |
| ꯑꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯣ | Andro | ꯑꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯣ ꯀꯣꯟꯕ, ꯄꯅꯝ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ | Andro Konba, Panam Ningthou |
| ꯀꯩꯅꯧ | Keinou | ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯌꯥ, ꯀꯩꯅꯧ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ | Tariya, the Keinou Lakpa |
| ꯋꯥꯈꯥ | Wakha | ꯄꯨꯂꯩꯂꯣꯝꯄ, ꯋꯥꯈꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ | Puleilompa, the Wakha Lakpa |
| ꯆꯤꯡꯌꯥꯢ | Chingyai | ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯣꯝꯄ, ꯆꯤꯡꯌꯥꯢ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ | Chingsomba, the Chingyai Lakpa |
| ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯥꯡ | Chingshang | ꯄꯥꯜꯂꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ, ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯥꯡ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ | Pallung Ningthou, the Chingshang Lakpa |
Later, in the course of time, these 5 gods belonging to 5 different places of the Selloi Langmai Hill were integrated into a single God with the name "Langmai Ningthou". The personal names became the aliases or various forms of the God. With this, the tribal society of the Selloi Langmai people evolved into a chiefdom. This chiefdom later rose to the Angom dynasty.
According to the Naothingkhong Phambal Kaba PuYa, the position of the Langmai Ningthou rose to the highest level of the Umang Lai God. He acquired a new title "Nongpok Ningthou". It took place after the uprooting of the Selloi Langmai people by the Meetei King Ura Konthouba in the 6-7th century AD. With the end of the ethnic conflict, the Selloi Langmai people merged into the Meitei ethnicity. Their deity "Langmai Ningthou" got renamed as "Nongpok Ningthou". The name of the God was given by the Meiteis. The God originally belonged to the Selloi Langmai people. These group of people lived in the East of the Kangla, the capital of the Meitei kingdom.
The Cheitharol Kumbaba mentioned the God for the first time during the reign of King Khagemba.
Mythology
God Nongpok Ningthou and Goddess Panthoibi are true lovers. They first met when the goddess was wandering in the open meadows, bathing and sporting in the cool waters of the running river. She was captivated by the handsome looks and towering personality of Nongpok Ningthou. They fell in love at first sight. He proposed her to elope with him. But the already married goddess didn't accept the instant proposal very soon because it was not even five days passed after her wedding. She insisted him to spend some time.The two lovers met secretly but regularly many times. Panthoibi's behavior causes her in-laws to have suspicion over her. Her mortal husband tried to win her heart with many tricks. But these were useless to the goddess. Nongpok Ningthou eloped with Goddess Panthoibi, his true lover, wearing the attires of the Tangkhuls.
Nongpok Ningthou and Panthoibi, the two divine lovers, united on the Nongmaiching Hills. Their joyous union was celebrated with dances and music by the divine beings. These celebration gave birth to the Lai Haraoba festival.
In another version of the story, Nongpok Ningthou met goddess Panthoibi for the first time when she was helping her father at jhum cultivation (Slash-and-burn). They fell in love at first sight without no conversation. But Panthoibi was married to another man against her will. She left her husband's house to search for her true beloved. Nongpok Ningthou also left his home for the same purpose. The lovers met at the Kangla. Kangla became the place of their divine union. So, it is considered to be an auspicious place of coronation of the Meitei kings.
In ancient texts
In ancient Meitei language texts like the Langkol Chingkoipa, the Nongmaiching Chingkoipa, the Panthoibi Khongul, the Panthoibi Naheirol, God Nongpok Ningthou is described as the ultimate lover of goddess Panthoibi.Langkol Chingkoipa
In the ancient Meitei language text "Langkol Chingkoipa", the affairs between Nongpok Ningthou and Panthoibi we're mentioned as follows:Nongmaiching Chingkoipa
In the ancient Meitei language text "Nongmaiching Chingkoipa", God Nongpok Ningthou is mentioned in relation to the Nongmaiching mountain as follows:Panthoibi Naheirol
The ancient Meitei language text Panthoibi Naheirol describes about the romantic affairs of God Nongpok Ningthou and his ladylove Panthoibi. It tells about how Nongpok Ningthou suggested a plan to Panthoibi, according to which Panthoibi left her former husband's house by tricking her in laws, and then stayed at her parental house, and then finally united with her ultimate lover in the Langmai mountains by tricking her mother.As per the plan, Panthoibi pretended to be unwell. Her mother mentioned the names of some gods, whom she believed that they could cure her daughter's illness. She mentioned Wangpulen, Thangching and Koupalu. As none of them are Panthoibi's paramours, Panthoibi pretended that her health got worsened up at the mention of every single man. Finally, her mother mentioned Nongpok Ningthou Kainou Chingsomba as follows:
As a reply to her mother, Panthoibi praised her lover Nongpok Ningthou as follows:
Panthoibi insisted her mother to call him as soon as possible. Upon being called, Nongpok Ningthou arrived in a wink. Nongpok Ningthou pretended to examine and to cure her fake illness. After a short period of time, Panthoibi pretended to be completely recovered from her fake illness. Panthoibi told her mother about the greatness of Nongpok Ningthou as a physician as well as a saviour of her life from the brink of death.
Taking advantage of the situation, Nongpok Ningthou was followed by Panthoibi and thus, they finally got united.
Cults and shrines
Most of the surviving cults and shrines dedicated to God Langmai Ningthou are located in the Nongmaiching Hill and its nearby areas.A few of the most prominent shrines include: Nongpok at Yairipok, Panam Ningthou at Andro, Nongpok Ningthou at Khoirom, Pureiromba at Lamlai, Nongpok Ningthou at Engourok, Pureiromba at Naharup, Nongpok Ningthou at Takhel, Pureiromba at Bamon Kampu, Nongpok Ningthou at Charangpat Maning, Waroi Ching Malang Lamhuiba at Waroi Ching, Nongpok at Chandrakhong.
These shrines are under the institution of the Umang Laism. However, there are many shrines of God Langmai Ningthou independent from the Umang Laism. Examples include Chingyai, Kharong, Isingchaibi, Nungpak Khul, Chingoi, etc. Due to the independence from the Umang Laism, these shrines were absorbed into Hinduism during the post-Charairongba era in Manipur. One notable instance is the shrine of Chingyai. The shrine of Chingyai was converted into the cult of Hindu God Shiva Mahadeva during the reign of King Chandrakirti.
Khwairakpa Erel is the most famous sacred site dedicated to Nongpok Ningthou in Assam. It is an island in the middle of the Barak River.
In art
Dance
Panthoibi Jagoi is a duet dance form that is accompanied by a romantic song sung by a maibi and a penakhongba. It has reference to the love of Nongpok Ningthou for his consort Panthoibi.The Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba is an enactment of the repartee between Tangkhul Pakhang and Nurabi. The two players dress up in Tangkhul attires of farming in the field. This is performed on the last night of the Kanglei Haraoba.
Festival
The Nongpok Ningthou Panthoibi Haraoba festival is celebrated for five consecutive days every year in Manipur. One of the grand celebrations is organized in Kwatha.Sacred sites
- The deity Nongpok Ningthou and his goddess Panthoibi have a pantheon Nongpok Ningthou Panthoibi Hill in Yairipok, Manipur.
- Every year, thousands of devotees throng to the sacred site of God Nongpok Ningthou to seek his blessings near the Jiri river in Assam.
- In a place Kwatha, there is a sacred place of God Nongpok Ningthou and his goddess Panthoibi, where devotees gather to worship them.
- There is a sacred site of God Nongpok Ningthou and his goddess Panthoibi at Yanglem Leikai.
- Nongpok Ningthou Laishang, a sacred site of the god is also situated in Bishnupur, Manipur, India.