South Australian Company
The South Australian Company, also referred to as the South Australia Company, was formed in London on 9 October 1835, after the South Australia (Foundation) Act 1834 had established the new British Province of South Australia, with the South Australian Colonization Commission set up to oversee implementation of the Act.
The South Australian Company was a commercial enterprise, and not officially connected to the British Government or the Colonization Commission, but turned out to be indispensable in allowing emigration to the new colony to begin. The founding board of the company, headed by George Fife Angas, consisted of wealthy British merchants, with the purpose of developing a new settlement in South Australia, building a new colony by meeting an essential financial obligations of the South Australia Act 1834. It bought up unsold land to the level required by the Act for emigration to be allowed to begin.
During the first years of settlement, the company built a great deal of infrastructure and contributed to the creation of industries such as fishing and mining, and it continued to play an important part in the business affairs of the colony of South Australia for over a hundred years. It ended business in its own right on 17 March 1949, when it was liquidated by Elders Trustee & Executor Company Ltd. Many streets in Adelaide were named after men associated with the company.
Background
The South Australian Association had lobbied the British Government for years to set up a new colony in southern Australia. The members of the Association were men of varied backgrounds, from philanthropists to merchants, including Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Robert Gouger, Robert Torrens Sr and George Fife Angas. The association underwent numerous negotiations and submitted and resubmitted many plans, until the British Parliament finally gave approval and passed the South Australia Act 1834 on 15 August 1834. The association's original plan was for the colony to be more or less independent, but the government thought otherwise; a governor would represent the Crown, and would share administration of the new colony with the London-based South Australian Colonization Commission, which would be represented in the colony by a resident commissioner, surveyor-general, and various other officers. The new Act also required that a certain amount of land had to be sold in the colony before anybody was allowed to emigrate.History of the company
Foundation
George Fife Angas, after resigning from the association, offered to set up a company to buy up the remaining unsold land, which was agreed by the Colonisation Commissioners, so long as this new company, the South Australian Company, did not attempt to set up monopolies in the colony.The founding Board of Directors of the South Australian Company, established on 9 October 1835, were Angas as Chairman; Raikes Currie; Charles Hindley MP; James Hyde; [Henry Kingscote, South Australia|Kingscote (cricketer, born 1802)|Henry Kingscote]; John Pirie, Alderman; Christopher Rawson; John Rundle MP; Thomas Smith; James Ruddell Todd; and Henry Waymouth; with Edmund John Wheeler ; Samuel Stephens, ; and Edward Hill.
The original purpose of the company was to help prospective colonists meet the obligations set out in the South Australia Act 1834. The United Kingdom did not want the "province" to be a financial burden, like other colonies, and imposed certain conditions through the Act. One of these conditions was the sale of real property to the value of £35,000. Each director was required to buy at least £2,500 in shares in the company. The biggest sales in land carried out by the company were done in the names of Angas, who purchased 102 lots of land of on behalf of the company, which included prime real estate in both town and country, totalling, and with the right to rent an additional of pasturage, and the Currie family, who purchased £9,000. Research published in 2018 and 2019 concluded that these sales and the creation of company, which secured the establishment of South Australia, link the colony's creation with slavery in the British West Indies.
It was this purchase of land that enabled emigration to commence. It was purely a commercial venture, but without it, the colonisation plan would not have come to fruition.
First Fleet of South Australia (1836)
After a historic meeting at Exeter Hall on 30 June 1834, where the principles, objects, plan and prospects of the new Colony of South Australia were explained to the public, hundreds of enquiries from prospective emigrants arrived at the South Australian Association's headquarters in London.In January 1836 four ships sailed from England on behalf of the company, ahead of the Colonisation Commission's planned expedition. They developed a settlement at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island, in July 1836, but when farming proved unviable, both the settlement and the company's operations were moved to the mainland. The company provided basic infrastructure for the new colony and sold or leased land to immigrants who came to settle.
Over the course of six months, nine ships, which may be termed the First Fleet of South Australia, arrived in the new colony:
| Date | Ship | Size | Purpose | Passengers |
| 27 July | Duke of York | S.A. Company | 38 passengers | |
| 30 July | S.A. Company | 29 | ||
| 16 August | S.A. Company | 28 | ||
| 21 August | Commissioners | 24 | ||
| 11 September | Commissioners | 84 | ||
| 5 October | S.A. Company | 22 | ||
| 2 November | Various | 76 | ||
| 20 November | Tam O'Shanter | O. Gilles | 74 | |
| 23 December | Commissioners | 171 |
Post-settlement
During the first years of settlement, the company undertook the construction of a great deal of infrastructure: roads, bridges, mills, wharfs and warehouses. It contributed to the creation of the whaling, fishing and shipbuilding industries and encouraged mineral exploration. The company, for instance, owned four whaling vessels.There was, however, a financial slump, or Depression, in the 1840s, and company dividends were unable to be paid out until 1848, after copper was discovered at Burra.
The company continued to be an important part of the business affairs of Adelaide and the colony for over a hundred years.
From 1872, the South Australian Company occupied offices on North Terrace on the corner of Gawler Place. The new building, "Gawler Chambers", was completed in 1914.
It was wound up on 17 March 1949, with the management of its remaining business transferred to Elders Trustee & Executor Company Ltd.
Lists of people
Colonial Managers
The colonial managers of the South Australian Company were:| Manager | From | To | Notes |
| 1836 | 1837 | ||
| 1837 | 1841 | ||
| 1841 | 1861 | ||
| 1861 | 1894 | ||
| 1894 | 1900 | ||
| 1901 | 1929 | ||
| 1930 | 1936 | ||
| 1936 | 1949 |
Officers of the company
Most of the major streets in the Adelaide city centre were named after the founding directors of the company;Chairmen
- 1836–1848 George Fife Angas
- 1848–18?? James Ruddell Todd
- 1886–1888 Sir John Rose
- 1889–1897 Charles Gay Roberts
- 1898–1898 Godfrey Webb
- 1899–1923 Henry Joslin
- 1836–18?? Raikes Currie
- 1836–18?? Charles Hindley
- 1836–18?? James Hyde
- 1836–18?? Henry Kingscote
- 1836–18?? John Pirie
- 1836–18?? Christopher Rawson
- 1836–18?? John Rundle
- 1836–18?? Thomas Smith
- 1836–18?? James Ruddell Todd
- 1836–1848 Henry Waymouth
- 1880–1911 Major General Sir Stanley De A.C. Clarke, G.C.V.O., C.M.G.
- 1889–1919 Sir John H. Kennaway, Bart. C.B., M.P.
- 1891–1922 Andrew Johnston
- 1895–1931 John Henry Grant
- 1899–1931 Sir R.H. Hermon Hodge
- Joseph Fisher
- Robert Barr Smith
- Tom Elder Barr Smith
- 1878–1911 James Hutchison
- 1911–1930+ Henry Brandreth Gibbs F.C.I.S.
- William Bartley
- 1850–1906 Sir Samuel Davenport, K.C.M.G.
- 1876–1923 John Warren Bakewell
- 1841–1885 William Bartley
- 1841–18?? Edward Stephens
- 1856–1870 William Bakewell, M.P., Crown Solicitor
- 1876–1923 John Warren Bakewell
- 1886-1930+ Joseph Fisher
- 1894–1932 Sir John Lancelot Stirling K.C.M.G., M.L.C.
- Edward Stephens
- Edward Robert Simpson
Others associated with the company
Most of the major streets in the Adelaide city centre were named after the founding directors of the company. Naming of the settlements streets was completed on 23 May 1837 and gazetted on 3 June by the Street Naming Committee (Adelaide).| Who | Association | Streets | Notes |
| Commissioner | Angas Street | ||
| Founding director | Currie Street | ||
| Divett, Edward | Trustee | Divett Place | |
| Resident Commissioner | Hurtle Square | ||
| Fussell, John | Trustee | Took over from Henry Waymouth after his death in January 1848. | |
| Governor of SA | Gawler Place | Gawler, Gawler Ranges, etc. | |
| Colonial Manager | |||
| Colonial Secretary | Gouger Street | ||
| South Australian Church Society | Grenfell Street | ||
| Governor of SA | |||
| Founding director | Hindley Street | ||
| Governor of SA | Hindmarsh Square | ||
| Commissioner | Hutt Street | ||
| Founding Director | Kingscote, Kangaroo Island | ||
| Deputy Surveyor General | Kingston SE | ||
| Surveyor General | Light Square | ||
| Colonial Manager | |||
| Moore, Henry Percival | Colonial Manager | ||
| Land Agent | Morphett Street | ||
| Muller, Arthur Leopold Albert | Colonial Manager | ||
| Founding director | Pirie Street | ||
| Rawson, Christopher | Founding director | ||
| Governor of SA | Robe | ||
| Founding director | Rundle Street | ||
| Smith, Thomas | Founding director | ||
| Sparks, Henry Yorke | Colonial Manager | ||
| First manager of SA Banking Co | |||
| Colonial Manager | |||
| Todd, James Ruddell | Founding director | ||
| Commissioner | River Torrens | ||
| Drafted the bill that became the founding act | Wakefield Street | ||
| Early proposer of colonisation | |||
| Founding director | Waymouth Street | ||
| South Australian Church Society | Whitmore Square | ||
| Governor of SA |