Solanum pseudocapsicum
Solanum pseudocapsicum is a nightshade species with mildly poisonous fruit. It is commonly known as the Jerusalem cherry, Madeira winter cherry, or, ambiguously, "winter cherry". These perennials can be grown decoratively as house plants, but in some areas of South Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand it is regarded as a weed.
Overview
The plant is perennial in zones up to USDA 8. Native to Peru and Ecuador, they can survive frosts and cold weather. They generally live up to 10 years, producing fruit usually in their second or third year, and every year after that. They are congenics of tomatoes and the fruit is extremely similar to cherry tomatoes in taste and texture, and are therefore easily confused with them.The Jerusalem cherry's poison is primarily solanocapsine, which is similar to other alkaloids found in their genus, such as solanine. Although the toxin is poisonous, it is generally not life-threatening to humans. It may cause gastric problems, including vomiting and gastroenteritis as referenced in the obsolete scientific name S. ipecacuanha.
Jerusalem cherries are possibly poisonous to cats and some birds. Though Jerusalem cherry is distributed by certain birds in the wild – both where native and where introduced, e.g., in Australia by the pied currawong – most popular pet birds, namely parrots and relatives, are not immune to its poison.
Taxonomy
Supposedly, the plant described as Solanum capsicastrum and called false Jerusalem cherry is a closely related but distinct species, and the trade name "winter cherry" is also held to apply to this exclusively. It is said to be recognizable by more mediocre size, and/or a greyish hue to the foliage and/or stems, and/or fruit that have a pronounced yellow hue when unripe and whose pulp is not or less poisonous, and/or higher frost hardiness. But these supposed differences are inconsistently given in various horticultural sources, and no botanical source has in recent times distinguished between the two. Indeed, these taxa are now generally held to refer to the same species, and the "false Jerusalem cherry", if it is at all distinguishable, seems to be a chemotype at best, or just a motley collection of cultivars.The entire list of now-invalid synonyms of S. pseudocapsicum is long, and many homonyms are included within it:Solanum capsicastrum Link ex SchauSolanum capsicastrum var. caaguazuense ChodatSolanum compactum Hort.Solanum diffusum Link ex Roem. & Schult. Solanum diflorum Vell.Solanum diflorum var. angustifolium KuntzeSolanum diflorum var. hygrophilum KuntzeSolanum diflorum var. pulverulentum ChodatSolanum diphyllum Forssk. Solanum diphyllum var. pulverulentum ChodatSolanum dunnianum H.Lév.Solanum eremanthum DunalSolanum hendersonii Hort. ex W.WightSolanum hermannioides SchinzSolanum hyemale Salisb.Solanum hygrophilum Schltdl.Solanum ipecacuanha ChodatSolanum ipecacuanha var. calvescens ChodatSolanum ipecacuanha var. obovata ChodatSolanum jaliscanum Greenm.Solanum karstenii DunalSolanum linkianum Roem. & Schult.Solanum lucidum M.Martens & Galeotti Solanum mexiae Standl.Solanum microcarpum VahlSolanum montevidense Spreng.Solanum plurifurcipilum BitterSolanum singuliflorum Steud.Solanum tucumanense Griseb.Solanum ulmoides DunalSolanum uniflorum Vell. Solanum validum Rusby
As can be seen by the "false Jerusalem cherry" case, several presumed forms, subspecies and varieties have been described of S. pseudocapsicum. But these are generally also not considered to be taxonomically distinct today:Solanum pseudocapsicum var. ambiguum Hassl.Solanum pseudocapsicum f. calvescens Hassl.Solanum pseudocapsicum var. diflorum BitterSolanum pseudocapsicum ssp. diflorum Hassl.Solanum pseudocapsicum var. hygrophilum Hassl.Solanum pseudocapsicum var. lancifolium MoenchSolanum pseudocapsicum f. microcarpum Hassl.Solanum pseudocapsicum var. microcarpum Pers.Solanum pseudocapsicum var. normale KuntzeSolanum pseudocapsicum f. pilosulum Hassl.Solanum pseudocapsicum f.? pilosum KuntzeSolanum pseudocapsicum f. pilulosum Hassl.Solanum pseudocapsicum var. parvifolium KuntzeSolanum pseudocapsicum var. sendtnerianum Hassl.Solanum pseudocapsicum "Thurino" RHS.Solanum pseudocapsicum var. typicum Hassl.