Sobibor uprising
The Sobibor uprising was a revolt of about 600 prisoners that occurred on 14 October 1943, during World War II and the Holocaust at the Sobibor extermination camp in occupied Poland. It was the second uprising in an extermination camp, partly successful, by Jewish prisoners against the SS forces, following the revolt in Treblinka.
SS soldiers executed up to 250,000 Jews using gas at the Sobibor extermination camp. Most of the victims were from Poland, about 33,000 were from the Netherlands, and several thousand were from Germany. After this uprising, the SS no longer used the death camp. The Nazis destroyed the camp down to its foundations and levelled the camp area. To cover up the crimes committed at the site, they established an inconspicuous farm in its place and planted a pine forest over the remnants of the camp.
Previous escape attempts
Attempts by prisoners to escape from the Sobibor extermination camp occurred throughout its existence. These were sporadic attempts. Most failed, and the prisoners were caught and immediately killed, or brought back to the camp and executed along with other prisoners. These escape attempts occurred before the uprising. Among the 47 camp survivors whose names are known, there were five members of the 'Forest Commando' who managed to escape during a previous attempt.In June 1943, a minefield was laid around the camp to prevent escapes. Near the main gate opposite the camp headquarters and the parade ground of Camp No. 1, there were no mines to avoid endangering the SS personnel.
The resistance group
In the spring of 1943, when fewer Jewish transports arrived at the Sobibor camp, the prisoners realized that the camp's liquidation was approaching, which meant their execution. As a result, the prisoners formed a resistance group of ten to twelve inmates led by Leon Felhendler.In the resistance group, several ideas were proposed, including poisoning the SS officers, setting the camp on fire, or digging several escape tunnels. In the summer of 1943, prisoners in Camp No. 3 began to dig an escape tunnel. When the tunnel was discovered and the prisoners were confined, the SS officers executed the diggers by shooting them in the head and killing all the other prisoners in that camp.
On 23 September 1943, a group of 80 Soviet prisoners of war arrived at the camp, including Alexander Pechersky, who was a lieutenant in the Red Army, in a transport that included about 2,000 Jews. The battle-hardened soldiers, skilled in tactical operations, managed to plan precise military actions and execute them exactly as planned. Felhendler and Pechersky established contact and formed an "underground committee" consisting of four Soviet prisoners of war and four of Felhendler’s men. The committee met continuously, shared information, and devised escape plans.
They were forced to abandon the initial mass escape plan through an escape tunnel due to high water levels and the location of the minefield. Subsequently, Pechersky planned the escape of all prisoners. For this, he planned to secretly kill the SS officers and then execute a mass breakout of all prisoners from the camp. The escape date was postponed several times for various reasons. Finally, the designated day of escape was set due to the camp commander’s absence. The idea was to lure the SS officers to traps prepared in the carpentry workshop and the clothing warehouse, under the pretext of issuing special and beautiful clothes and shoes for their wives, and to murder them there quietly and secretly an hour before the mass escape. To cover up the disappearance of the murdered SS officers, some of the Soviet prisoners were supposed to wear SS uniforms.
The carpenters in camp number 4 had axes, hammers, and other carpentry tools for their work. The prisoners in the metal shop prepared knives from sheet metal. The handguns of the murdered SS officers were supposed to be handed over to the Soviet prisoners experienced in operating weapons.
Plan
To ensure secrecy, only 30 to 40 prisoners, who were supposed to form combat groups, were involved in the plans. The dates 13 or 14 October were chosen for the escape day. This was because the prisoners knew that the camp commander, Franz Reichleitner, his deputy Gustav Wagner, who was considered particularly dangerous and cruel, and other SS officers would not be in the camp on that day. Karl Frenzel, one of the inner camp commanders at Sobibor and considered the most cruel SS man in the camp, was to be lured to the carpentry shed on the day of the rebellion where Semyon Rosenfeld was to stab him to death.The operation was to begin at 16:00, and the escape was planned for 17:00 near sunset. The telephone connection to the outside was supposed to be cut off at the start of the rebellion. After the killing of the SS officers, all prisoners were to assemble at 17:00 as usual in the parade ground. There, they were to inform the prisoners who were not among the initiators of the plan about the escape from the camp. In the next stage, the prisoners were supposed to march in orderly rows to the main gate, which was not mined. Soviet soldiers in SS uniforms were supposed to accompany the marching captives as a disguise and command them in German. In the nearby forest, there were initial hiding places as darkness fell. If the route through the main gate was not feasible, the prisoners were instructed to detonate the mines by throwing stones to create an alternative escape path. In this case, the Soviet POWs were to run to open the wire fences in groups and defend against the remaining SS officers and guards using the weapons they had captured. The prisoners distributed money and valuables among themselves to use during the escape.
The camp's guard included 25 to 30 German SS officers, with at least 18 always present in the camp. In addition to them, there were about 90 to 120 Ukrainian guards, from the Trawniki men. Their behaviour was the main element of uncertainty in the plan. The "underground committee" hoped that if the Soviet soldiers, dressed in SS uniforms, gave orders in German to the marching camp prisoners, the Trawniki guards would not suspect anything.
The mass escape was originally planned for 13 October 1943. However, since another SS team arrived at the Sobibor extermination camp on that day, the underground committee was forced to postpone the operation by one day.
Uprising
On 14 October 1943, at 4:00 PM, close to sunset, the rebellion began as planned. It was led by Pechersky in Camp Number 1, and Felhendler was in Camp Number 2.The killing of the SS personnel was first. Johann Niemann, the deputy camp commander, was the highest-ranking SS officer on duty that day and the first person the rebels planned to assassinate. Niemann was killed in the tailor’s shed, struck twice in the head with a hatchet by Jewish Soviet POW Alexander Shubayev while trying on a leather coat. Josef Wolf, an SS squad commander, was killed by a hatchet blow while he was trying on a leather coat in the sorting shed. Yehuda Lerner, a 17-year-old, and Arkadi Vaispapir, a Soviet POW, killed the Ukrainian commander Siegfried Gratzhus and the Ukrainian Oberman Ray Klat using hatchets. Gratzhus and Niemann were the two SS officers with command authority in the camp that evening. Stanislaw "Shlomo" Szmajzner was part of a group of four prisoners who killed the camp's chief Kapo. To arm his team in his workshop, Szmajzner stole and hid several carpentry hatchets that were sent for sharpening. In addition, he also stole three rifles from the armoury after convincing the Ukrainian Trawniki volunteer that he was sent to take the rifles for repairs. He gave two rifles to the Soviet POWs and insisted on keeping the third for himself. In the chaos of the escape, Szmajzner shot a guard who was in the watchtower. At this stage, the telephone lines for external communication were also cut.
SS man Werner Dubois was shot and severely wounded by a hatchet. Camp prisoner Chaim Engel and the Kapo Puzhitsky stabbed the commanders of Camp Number 2, SS man Rudolf Beckmann and squad commander Thomas Stepple. Squad commanders of the SS, Fritz Konrad and Josef Vallaster, were killed alone in the workshop, and the commander of the SS squad, Friedrich Gaustelitz, was killed by a hatchet blow in Shlomo Leitman’s carpentry shop. SS man Walter Ryba died in the workshop. Additionally, SS men Novak, Max Brü and Ernst Stengl were killed by the prisoners. By the evening, twelve SS men were killed and Dubois was severely injured; 12 out of 29 SS men who were part of the camp guard on the day of the rebellion were not present that day. Two Trawniki men were also killed: an unidentified Ukrainian guard and Klatt.
Escape
The SS Oberscharführer Karl Frenzel did not arrive at the ambush spot planned for him in the carpentry shop, and SS trooper Walter Ryba unexpectedly encountered a rebel prisoner and was stabbed to death. This threatened the secrecy of the current phase of the rebellion and endangered the escape if the murdered man was discovered. Therefore, Pechersky decided to signal the evening command ten minutes earlier, causing unrest among the prisoners. They were upset because the signal for the command arrived prematurely and Frenzel, who was responsible for the roll calls, did not arrive at the command area in the parade ground. One of the Ukrainians trying to organize the prisoners standing in line was killed as a result. When SS mechanic Oberscharführer Erich Bauer arrived in a truck, he noticed a dead guard lying on the ground among the prisoners and immediately shot at the prisoners with a pistol. Afterwards, chaos erupted and about 600 prisoners escaped without coordination. The panicked Ukrainian Travniki volunteers began firing from the watchtowers and Frenzel fired a machine gun at the detainees. 60 prisoners from Camp Number 4 were arrested by the guards on their way to the command area due to the gunfire, and were detained and shot.In the desperate attempts of the escaping prisoners to overcome the wire fences and minefields, they were caught in the guards’ crossfire, as they were stopped by wire fences and stepped on mines. About 365 people managed to escape from the extermination camp, but only 200 reached the nearby forest. About 150 prisoners remained in the camp.
The organized escape plan failed to materialize. Leon Felhendler and Alexander Pechersky managed to urge the prisoners to escape while they still could in order to survive and tell the world about the extermination of the Jews in the camp.