Crepidula
Crepidula, commonly known as the slipper snails, slipper limpets, or slipper shells, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae. This family includes the slipper snails, hat snails, spiny slipper snails, and cup-and-saucer snails as well as Crepipatella, Siphopatella, Grandicrepidula, and Maoricrypta.
These recent changes in the definition of Crepidula are based on both DNA sequence data as well as anatomical work. Dissections of various calyptraeids show that species that are now placed in Grandicrepidula and Maoricrypta are anatomically very different from the true Crepidula. If only the shells are examined this difference is not apparent. This distinction is supported by DNA sequence data from 3 genes.
The genus Crepidula is probably the best studied group within the calyptraeids. A variety of species are commonly used in developmental, ecological, and behavioral research. They have been the major focus of research on protandrous sex-change in marine invertebrates and have been used to demonstrate that sex change is environmentally mediated. Crepidula fornicata and Crepidula onyx are well-studied examples of invasive, exotic species in marine habitats.
Due to their simple shells and plastic morphology, calyptraeid taxonomy is challenging. In many cases distinct species with similar-looking shells have been lumped into a single species with either global or unusual distributions. In these cases close examination of the mode of development or of DNA data is vital to verify the species identity. Because such taxonomic lumping is difficult to clear from the internet or from the literature many species range estimates available on the internet include dubious data or data from species that have been taken out of synonymy.
Species
Species within the genus Crepidula include:Crepidula adunca G. B. Sowerby I, 1825Crepidula aeola Dall, 1927Crepidula aplysioides Reeve, 1859Crepidula arenata Broderip, 1834Crepidula argentina Simone, Pastorino & Penchaszadeh, 2000Crepidula atrasolea Collin, 2000Crepidula badisparsa Collin, 2005Crepidula cachimilla Cledon, Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2004Crepidula carioca Simone, 2006Crepidula cerithicola Crepidula complanata Krauss, 1848Crepidula convexa Say, 1822 - synonym: Crepidula glaucaCrepidula coquimbensis Brown & Olivares, 1996Crepidula cymbaeformis Conrad, 1844Crepidula depressa Say, 1822Crepidula derjugini Golikov & Kussakin, 1962Crepidula excavata Broderip, 1834Crepidula fimbriata Reeve, 1859Crepidula fornicata - Common slipper shell, common Atlantic slippersnail, boat shell, quarterdeck shell.Crepidula glottidiarum Dall, 1905Crepidula goreensis Gmelin, 1791Crepidula huertae Collin, 2019Crepidula incurva Crepidula intratesta Simone, 2006Crepidula lessonii Crepidula maculosa Conrad, 1846Crepidula margarita Simone, 2006Crepidula marginalis Broderip, 1834Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829Crepidula naticarum Williamson, 1905Crepidula navicella Crepidula navicula Crepidula nivea C.B. Adams, 1852Crepidula norrisiarum Williamson, 1905Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846Crepidula onyx G. B. Sowerby I, 1824 - onyx slippersnailCrepidula perforans Valenciennes, 1846Crepidula philippiana Gallardo, 1977Crepidula plana Say, 1822Crepidula porcellana Crepidula protea Crepidula pyguaia Simone, 2006Crepidula rostrata C. B. Adams, 1852Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula ustulatulina Collin, 2002Crepidula williamsi Coe, 1947Crepidula wolfae Collin, 2019;Species brought into synonymy:Crepidula aculeata : synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus Crepidula aculeata sensu Zenetos et al.2004: synonym of Bostrycapulus odites Collin, 2005Crepidula acuta H. C. Lea, 1842: synonym of Crepidula convexa Say, 1822Crepidula adspersa Dunker, 1846: synonym of Crepidula porcellana Lamarck, 1801Crepidula bilobata Reeve, 1859: synonym of Crepidula lingulata Gould, 1846: synonym of Crepipatella lingulata Crepidula calceolina Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula californica Tryon, 1886: synonym of Crepidula aculeata : synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus Crepidula calyptraeiformis Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Bostrycapulus calyptraeiformis Crepidula candida Risso, 1826: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula capensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1835: synonym of Crepipatella capensis Crepidula cataldi Parenzan, 1970: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula coei Berry, 1950: synonym of Crepidula naticarum Williamson, 1905Crepidula contorta Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of Maoricrypta monoxyla Crepidula costata G. B. Sowerby I, 1824: synonym of Maoricrypta costata Crepidula costata Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Maoricrypta costata Crepidula costulata Dunker, 1852: synonym of Crepidula incurva Crepidula crepidula : synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula depressa Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Crepidula dilatata Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Crepipatella dilatata Crepidula deshayesii de Folin, 1867: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula desmoulinsi Locard, 1886: synonym of Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829Crepidula dilatata Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Crepipatella dilatata Crepidula dorsata : synonym of Crepipatella dorsata Crepidula excisa Philippi, 1849: synonym of Ergaea walshi Crepidula explanata Gould, 1853: synonym of Crepidula perforans Crepidula exuviata Reeve, 1859: synonym of Crepidula perforans Crepidula fasciata de Roissy, 1805: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula fecunda Gallardo, 1979: synonym of Crepipatella peruviana Crepidula fissurata G. B. Sowerby II, 1883: synonym of Crepipatella lingulata Crepidula foliacea Broderip, 1834: synonym of Crepidula aculeata : synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus Crepidula gibbosa Defrance, 1818: synonym of Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829Crepidula glauca Say, 1822: synonym of Crepidula convexa Say, 1822Crepidula grandis Middendorff, 1849: synonym of Grandicrepidula grandis Crepidula gravispinosa Kuroda & Habe, 1950: synonym of Crepidula aculeata : synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus Crepidula hochstetteriana Wilkens, 1922 : synonym of † Maoricrypta radiata Crepidula immersa Angas, 1865: synonym of Maoricrypta immersa Crepidula incurva Zittel, 1864: synonym of † Crepidula wilckensi Finlay, 1924 : synonym of Maoricrypta radiata †Crepidula italica Defrance, 1818: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula lamina H. C. Lea, 1843: synonym of Crepidula plana Say, 1822Crepidula lingulata Gould, 1846: synonym of Crepipatella lingulata Crepidula lirata Reeve, 1859: synonym of Crepidula incurva Crepidula maculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym for Sigapatella novaezelandiae. Crepidula minuta Middendorff, 1849: synonym of Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846Crepidula monoxyla : synonym of Maoricrypta monoxyla Crepidula nautiloides Lesson, 1832: synonym of Crepipatella dilatata Crepidula navicelloides Carpenter, 1864: synonym of Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846Crepidula nebulata Mabille, 1895: synonym of Crepidula nivea C. B. Adams, 1852Crepidula orbella Yokoyama, 1920: synonym of Ergaea walshi Crepidula orbiculata Dall, 1919: synonym of Crepipatella orbiculata Crepidula osculans C. B. Adams, 1852: synonym of Phenacolepas osculans Crepidula pallida : synonym of Calyptraea pallida Broderip, 1834Crepidula patagonica d'Orbigny, 1841: synonym of Crepipatella patagonica Crepidula patula Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Crepipatella peruviana Crepidula peruviana Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Crepipatella peruviana Crepidula plana : synonym of Ergaea walshi Crepidula pulchella Aradas, 1846: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula rhyssema Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Crepidula plana Say, 1822Crepidula riisei Dunker, 1852: synonym of Crepidula fornicata Crepidula rostriformis Gould, 1846: synonym of Crepidula adunca G. B. Sowerby I, 1825Crepidula rugosa Carpenter, 1856: synonym of Crepidula onyx G. B. Sowerby I, 1824Crepidula rugulosa Dunker, 1846: synonym of Crepipatella capensis Crepidula sandaliformis de Serres, 1830: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula sandalina Deshayes, 1833: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula scabies Reeve, 1859: synonym of Ergaea walshi Crepidula sinuosa Turton, 1825: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822Crepidula solida Hinds, 1844: synonym of Crepidula adunca G. B. Sowerby I, 1825Crepidula squama : synonym of Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851Crepidula strigellata Dunker, 1853: synonym of Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851Crepidula sulin Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of Crepidula porcellana Lamarck, 1801Crepidula tomentosa Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of Crepidula aculeata : synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus Crepidula uncata Menke, 1847: synonym of Crepidula adunca G. B. Sowerby I, 1825Crepidula uncinata Philippi, 1887: synonym of Crepidula dilatata Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Crepipatella dilatata Crepidula virginica Conrad, 1871: synonym of Crepidula fornicata Crepidula walshi Reeve, 1859: synonym of Ergaea walshi
- † Crepidula wilckensi Finlay, 1924: synonym of † Maoricrypta radiata Crepidula youngi : synonym of Maoricrypta youngi Powell, 1940
Now Maoricrypta:Crepidula costata is a synonym for Maoricrypta costata - ribbed slipper shellCrepidula youngi Crepidula wilckensi Finlay, 1924Crepidula immersa G. F. Angas, 1867
Now Grandicrepidula:Crepidula grandis Middendorff, 1849: synonym of Grandicrepidula grandis
- Grandicrepidula collinae Marshall
Synonyms:
- Crepidula maculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata''
Ecology
Like all calyptraeids, slipper snails are sedentary filter-feeders. Adults use their large gill to capture microalgae from suspension, but there is some evidence that small juveniles can also use the radula to scrape algae from the substrate.Introduced and invasive ''Crepidula'' species
Crepidula fornicata - Native to the east coast of North America and ranging from Florida north into Canada. This species is now widespread and considered highly invasive along the north coast of Spain and France, along much of England's coastline and into the North Sea. It has also been reported from San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound and the Mediterranean Sea.Crepidula convexa - Native to the east coast of North America and ranging from South Carolina to New England. This species has been reported from Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay.
Crepidula onyx - Native to the Southern coast of California and northern Pacific coast of Mexico. This species is now widespread and considered highly invasive in Asia. It has been reported from Korea, Japan and Hong Kong.