Shahpuri dialect

Shahpuri is a western dialect of Punjabi, primarily spoken in the former Shahpur District in what are now Sargodha and Khushab districts.

Geographic distribution and classification

Its name is derived from the former Shahpur District. Grierson considered Shahpuri to be representative of Lahnda, but later opinions by Shackle and Masica have re-classified it as a general dialect of Punjabi, with certain Multani dialect features. Wagha rejects the validity of Shahpuri as a distinct linguistic entity, and instead suggests all the intermediate dialects spoken in the Bars from Sargodha to Pakpattan, including Jhangi, to be merged into one.
It is mostly spoken in Sargodha District and Khushab District. It is also spoken in the neighbouring districts of Jhang, Chiniot, Mandi Bahauddin, Khanewal, Sahiwal and Bhakkar. It is mainly spoken on western end of Sindh River to Chenab River, traversing the Jhelum River.
Jatki dialect is a common name for the Jhangvi dialect, Shahpuri dialect and Dhani dialect. Sometimes also termed as Rachnavi dialect, the glotlog codes for these are:

shah1266
jatk1238
jang1253
dhan1272

Notable Features

In its phonology Shahpuri has the same tonal pattern as Standard Punjabi.
In common with Thali and Hindko, there is a class of two-syllable nouns that mark case distinctions by vowel alternation. The case suffixes of the older language have dropped, leaving the assimilated root vowels as the only indicator of the case: /jʌŋɡʊl/ ~ /jʌŋɡəl/ /jʌŋɡɪl/. Grierson explains this by substratal Dardic influence, whereas Shackle finds it more plausible that it is the result of Shahpuri's central position between areas favouring one or another vowel in these contexts.

Grammar

Continuous Tense

Like most Punjabi dialects, Shahpuri also uses the past-tense inflections of paiṇā to signify the continuous tense.
The place of "pyā" may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.
"Tusī̃ bahoon changā kamm paye karenday o", meaning "You are doing a very good thing"
"Tū̃ bahoon changā kamm krendā ain pyā", meaning "You are doing a very good thing"
"Sāḍā hāl kehṛā puchhdā ãi, mar mar ke paye aan jeenday, meaning "What do you ask about us? We are living in great distress"
"Paye aapna vanjeynday visaah o", meaning "You are wasting the trust people have in you"
"Eh dohven aape vich larde hin paye". meaning "These two are fighting amongst themselves"
"Ethay seklaan pyiaan vikkdiyaan hin" or "Ethay seklaan vikkdiyaan ne pyiaan", meaning "Bicycles are being sold here"

Future Tense

The future tense in Jatki Punjabi is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi gā.
This tense is also utilized in Pothwari, Hindko, Saraiki and other Western Punjabi dialects.

Past Tense

The past tense in the Jatki dialects differs from that of Punjabi Wikipedia|Eastern Punjabi].

Present Tense

The present tense of non-causative verbs in Jatki may involve the addition of -eyndā, while causative verbs may attain either -eyndā or -āandā. The future tense changes accordingly.
Verbs that have a causative form, rarely acquire -eyndā, for example, Mardā cannot become Mareyndā as that is the present form of Maarnā.
However, Mannnā and Mannāvnā both can be said as Maneyndā in the present form.
Verbs like āvan and lyāvan will not take -eyndā, as they lack a passive form, so they are either said as -āndā or -aundā
The progressive tense is built upon the present tense, and is used in all Punjabi dialects. It is made by ending the verb with -eān in the present form.
For example, "to be doing" or "while doing", can be either kardeān or kareyndeān.

Passive Tense

The Jatki dialects have a special passive tense for most verbs.
The present passive is made by adding -eendā, past passive by adding -eevyā/eeyā, subjunctive by adding -eevay and -eevan, progressive by adding -eendeān, gerundive passive by adding -eevna/eejna and future passive by adding -eesi. The continuous passive is built upon the present passive by adding pyā, while perfect passive is built by adding gyā to the past passive.
Varteendā, Varteenday, Varteevay/Varteejay, Varteevan/Varteejan, Varteevyā, Vartee-gyā, Varteenda-pyā, Varteendeān, Varteevna/Varteejna, Varteesi, Vartee-veysi or Vartee-jaasi, Vartee-veynda or Vartee-jaanda.
Note: The past passive in Shahpuri is made by adding -eevyā, in Jhangochi by adding -eeyaā, Dhani is made by adding -eetā, and in Thalochi it is made by adding -eechā.
Some verbs may attain this form without any change in usage or meaning, such as:
ਬਵ੍ਹਣਾ ਉਠੀਵਣਾ / بہوَنا اُٹھِیونا, being the same as ਉੱਠਣਾ / اُٹھّنا
ਦਿਸੀਂਦਾ / دِسِیندا, being the same as ਦਿੱਸਦਾ / دِسّدا
Proverb example: Heṭṭhon utton vaḍḍheeveeye taan ḍakk sadeendaa
'
Note: The past tense of Marnā is Moyā and the past passive tense is ''Mareejā'''''

Agentive Tense

The agentive tense of verb in Punjabi is either shown in the standard manner by adding the words "āalā" or "laggeā".
For example, "He is to come" or "He is about to come" is spoken as Oh aavan aalā/laggeā ae.
In Jatki, another manner exists where the root verb is suffixated by adding -oo
Examples:
Tun kitthay jaaoo/vanjoo ain?
Oh kay karoo ae?
Ajj mein tuhānu hik ehjihi gall sunāoo aan
Tuseen ohnu deoo o ke menu deoo o?
''Ghaabarda kyon pya ain? Saanu vi miloo ae''

Vocabulary

Present Plural Marker

The dialects of Jatki Punjabi use Hin or No to signify the present plural tense. These are dialectal forms of "Han" and "Ne" respectively.
"Do janey hin/no", meaning "There are two people".
The word "hin" may be attached with the verb colloquially.
"Oh menū̃ dassdin", meaning "They tell me".
"Bahū̃ vādey keetin" ، meaning "Made many promises"
The word Heņ may also be used.

Words for "Then/Again"

Words like Vatt or Muṛ and its variant pronunciation Munṛ are used instead of the Standard Punjabi Phir.
"Halā vatt ki hoya?", meaning "Alright, what happened then?".
"Tenu vatt vii aas praai rahi", meaning "Even then, you had hopes for some other", a lyric from "Changean Naseeban de Shah", by Talib Hussain Dard

Words for "Going"

Words like Vaj̈aṇ and Jāwaṇ are both used.
"Kithay vendā/jāndā pyā ain?", meaning "Where are you going?"

Words for "Someone" and "What"

For "what", Jatki either uses the common word Kii or the Western word Kay '
For "someone", Jatki may use either the standard Kisay or another word that is Kaheeṇ'' '''

Words for "That"

Ba, Bai or Jo are used, as opposed to ke in Standard Punjabi.
Mein tuhaanu dassaan bai aes ton changga mein pehlon kaday nhi vekhya
Kaday vi mein nahi aakhya jo tun menu kujh desein taahin mein tenu kujh desaan
Tuseen inj keeta karo ba menu dass ditta karo
Menu pata ae ba khoon rattaa ae, tey hetna rattaa ae jo teray hatthaan tey mehndi lagsi
Similarly, Kyunjo ' is used for Kyunke, and Taanjo' is used for Taake.''

Supporting Verbs

In Jatki, many verbs exist to support the adjoining verb, giving the same meaning as de/dittaa/devay/desi.
De chaa, is the same as De de, meaning "Give it"
Rakkh chhaḍḍ, is the same as Rakkh de, meaning "Place it"
Chaa karay, is the same as Kar devay, meaning "Someone do it"
Other examples:
Chaa keetaa, meaning "Done it"
Mukaa chhoryaa, meaning "Finished it"
Pivaa chaa, meaning "Get me to drink"
Laah satto, meaning "Remove it"
Bhann sattyaa, meaning "Broke it"
Hun dass vi chhaḍḍo, meaning "Now tell already"
Koi ghatt chhaḍḍay, meaning "Someone come and pour it"
Mein ohnu de chhaḍḍsaan, meaning "I will give him"
Maar ghattsan, meaning "Will come and beat"

The verb "Vattnā"

In its past form Vadā, it can either show continuous action or a state of being, depending on the main verb's form.
In the latter case, Khalā and Khlotā may also be used.
Menu bhukkh laggi vadi/khali/pyi ae
Menu bhukkh laggdi vadi/pyi ae
Oh chendā vadā/pyā ae
Oh chaai vadā/khalā ae
Ukkā moye vaday āen
Oh khādhi khalā hosi
Ohnu treh laggi vadi/khloti ae
Mein kamm mukaai vadā/khalā/khlotā aa'n
Mein dhammi da progam keeti khalā/vadā/khlotā/pyā aa'n
Rujjhay vaday o, naveān saangeān vich
In other forms, the verb Vattnā, depicts a continuity in an action, and is synonymous with the word Phirnā.
Hyaati saari nassdyān vattnā/phirnā
Oh tenu kay kujh ghalldā vattdā/phirdā ee?
Beyli ruṭṭhā vadā hove tey aseen jeende vateeye/phireeye?
''Mein injay tue'n magar laggya vattaa'n/phiraa'n?''

Personal Pronouns

Jatki uses special personal pronouns such as Kãi, and Jãi.
Kãi aakhya? کَیں آکھیا؟, meaning "Says who?"
Jãi vii aakhya hovay جَیں وی آکھیا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever might have said it"
Eh kãinda ghar ae? ایہہ کَیندا گھر اے؟, meaning "Whose house is this?"
Kãi kãi janay eh aali kheyḍ kheyḍi ee?, کیں کیں جنڑے ایہہ آلی کھیڈ کھیڈی ہئی؟ meaning "Who has played this game?"
Jãi kahen vii karna hovay جَیں کہیں وی کرنا ہووے or Jis kisay vii karna hovay جِس کِسے وی کرنا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever wants to do"
Jainda vii mann kareynda or ''Jain kahen da vii mann kareynda''

Pronominal Affixes

Eh ki keetum
Eh ki keeto-ee
Eh ki keeta-nhay
Eh ki keeta-nay
Eh ki keeto-say
Eh ki keetus
Kii naa'n-us?
Nisay keeta
Nimoo keeta
Tenu aakhyam
Bhiraa nisay?
Jehri naveen film kaddhi nay, ḍiṭṭhi hayi?
Punjabi aapni dhi nu sikhaai koi nhoo'n?
Bhalla honay
''Bhalla hovi''

Counting

Counting is generally the same throughout Punjabi dialects, but with some notable deviations being:
Note:

The counting used in Jhangochi, Shahpuri and Dhanni is almost the same as in Majhi and Pothohari with the main difference being the use of "Dāh" for 10 instead of "Das".
Standard Punjabi in the above table is more closer to the Malvai dialect

Oblique form

The numbers in their oblique form function the same throughout Punjabi dialects.

English	Pothohari	Jhangochi	Majhi
I got it for forty-four	میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں نا آندا آ	میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں دا آندا اے	میں ایہہ چوتالیاں دا آندا آ
Above twenty-five or thirty	پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اپّر	پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے	پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے
After two or four days	دوَنہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں بعد	دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں	دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں
At 8:46	اٹھّ چھتالیاں اپّر	اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے	اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے
For almost five lac	پنجاں اِک لکھّاں نا	پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا	پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا
Nearing twenty	وِیہاں نے نیڑے	وِیہاں دے نیڑے	وِیہاں دے نیڑے

General Vocabulary

Jatki dialects have several words that differ from Standard Punjabi.

Words for "Taking" and "Bringing"

Commonly observed in the Lahnda dialects is the use of Ghinṇā and Aaṇnā instead of the Eastern Punjabi words Laiṇā and Lyāṇā.
Jatki makes usage of both sets. The Dhani dialect however, seems to lean more towards the former.

Retention of the irrgeular past tense

In Jatki Punjabi, as well as in Saraiki, the irregular Punjabi past tense form of verbs is retained when used with the verb Karnā, a feature that is not present in Eastern dialects such as Majhi, or even in other Lahnda varieties such as Pothohari and Hindko.
The irregular past tense is generally the same throughout the Punjabi dialects.
Jatki does seem to have some additional ones as well, such as runnā for royā ḍiṭṭhā for vekhya, and syātā for syāneā.
Examples:

English	Jatki	Majhi	Pothohari
Eat less rotis	روٹِیاں گھٹّ کھادھِیاں کرو ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਘੱਟ ਖਾਧੀਆਂ ਕਰੋ	روٹِیاں گھٹّ کھایا کرو ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਘੱਟ ਖਾਇਆ ਕਰੋ	روٹِیاں گھٹّ کھایا کرو ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਘੱਟ ਖਾਇਆ ਕਰੋ
I will also be taking tea with you from tomorrow onwards	کلّ توں میں وی تُہاڈے نال چاء پِیتی کرساں ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਤੀ ਕਰਸਾਂ	کلّ توں میں وی تُہاڈے نال چاء پیا کرانْگا ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਆ ਕਰਾਂਗਾ	کلّ توں میں وی تُساں نال چاء پیا کرساں ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ
You should also do it as such	تُسِیں وی اِنج/ایویں کِیتا کرو ਤੁਸੀਂ ਵੀ ਇੰਜ/ਐਵੇਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਕਰੋ	تُسِیں وی اِنج/ایویں کریا کرو ਤੁਸੀਂ ਵੀ ਇੰਜ/ਐਵੇਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ	تُساں وی اِسراں کریا کرو ਤੁਸਾਂ ਵੀ ਇਸਰਾਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
Don't be giving me such tasks.	مینُوں اِنج دے/ایجہے کمّ نہ دِتّے کرو ਮੈਨੂੰ ਇੰਜ ਦੇ/ਅਜਿਹੇ ਕੱਮ ਨਾ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਕਰੋ	مینُوں اِنج دے/ایجِہے کمّ نہ دیا کرو ਮੈਨੂੰ ਇੰਜ ਦੇ/ਅਜਿਹੇ ਕੱਮ ਨਾ ਦਿਆ ਕਰੋ	میکی ایہے جِہے کمّ نہ دیا کرو ਮਿਕੀ ਇਹੇ ਜਿਹੇ ਕੱਮ ਨਾ ਦਿਆ ਕਰੋ
Tell him that he needs to eat and drink well.	اوہنُوں آکھو بہ اوہ کُجھ کھادھا پِیتا کرے ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੋ ਬਾ ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਧਾ ਪੀਤਾ ਕਰੇ	اوہنُوں آکھو کہ اوہ کُجھ کھایا پیا کرے ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੋ ਕਿ ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਇਆ ਪੀਆ ਕਰੇ	اُسکی آکھو کہ اوہ کُجھ کھایا پیا کرے ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੋ ਕਿ ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਇਆ ਪੀਆ ਕਰੇ
He wants that I should sleep on time	اوہ چاہندا اے میں ویلے نال سُتّا کراں ਉਹ ਚਾਹੰਦਾ ਐ ਮੈਂ ਵੇਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੁੱਤਾ ਕਰਾਂ	اوہ چاہندا اے میں ویلے نال سَونْیا کراں ਉਹ ਚਾਹੰਦਾ ਐ ਮੈਂ ਵੇਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੌਂਇਆ ਕਰਾਂ	اوہ چاہنا اے میں ویلے نال سیا کراں ਉਹ ਚਾਹਣਾ ਐ ਮੈਂ ਵੇਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਿਆ ਕਰਾਂ
Do talks of truth	گلّاں سچّیاں کیتِیاں کرو ਗੱਲਾਂ ਸੱਚੀਆਂ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਕਰੋ	گلّاں سچّیاں کریا کرو ਗੱਲਾਂ ਸੱਚੀਆਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ	گلّاں سچّیاں کریا کرو ਗੱਲਾਂ ਸੱਚੀਆਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
You should listen to what I have to say	کدے میری گلّ وی سُن لئی کر کدے مینڈی گلّ وی سُن گھِدی کر ਕਦੇ ਮੇਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣ ਲਈ ਕਰ ਕਦੇ ਮੈਂਡੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣ ਘਿਦੀ ਕਰ	کدے میری گلّ وی سُن لیا کر ਕਦੇ ਮੇਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣ ਲਿਆ ਕਰ	کدے مہاڑی گلّ وی سُنی گھِنیا کر ਕਦੇ ਮਹਾੜੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣੀ ਘਿਨਿਆ ਕਰ

This is also observed with the verbs ''"Rakkhnā"'' and ''"Jānā/Vanjnā"''.

Examples:
Asī̃ ohnū̃ ditti rakhie? instead of Asī̃ ohnū̃ dei rakhie?
and
Oh keeti jāndā ae instead of Oh kari jāndā ae
Kalla mai-aan kamm keeti jaavan? instead of ''Kalla maiiyon kamm kari jaavan?''

This can be further observed with the verbs ''Aanā'' (to come) and ''Jānā/Vanjnā'' (to go), when used in this manner.

Ohnu ohndey pesay taan ditti aa, meaning "Give him his money and come back"
Pesay taan mere ditti vanj, meaning "Give my money as you go"
Pesay taan ditti veynda/jaanda, meaning "You could have at least given the money as you went"
Mein hikk kamm keeti aavaan, meaning "I'll be back after one task"
Mein veyndean do trae moṭian moṭian gallaan bas keeti jaavan, meaning "I'm just going to say a few things as I go"
Ajj kujh baahroon na khaadhi aaveeye?, meaning "Shouldn't we eat something from outside today?"
Aseen gall kareynde haaen, pehlon booha taan band keeti aa, meaning "We will talk, first go close the door"
Booha band keeti jaaveen, meaning "Close the door when you go"
Oh ditti aaya karay, meaning "He can give "
Oh ditti jaaya karay, meaning "He can give give "
Mein ḍiṭṭhi aavaan, meaning "I'll be back after a look"
Jaa nahaati aa, meaning "Go take a bath"
The words in bold would be "de", "kar", "khaa", "dekhya", and "nahaaya" in Standard Punjabi as well as in Urdu-Hindi translation.

With the verb ''Baiṭhnā''

"Hun taan mein keeti baitha aan" instead of "Hun taan mein karii baitha aan".
"Peeti baitha ae" instead of ''"Pee baitha ae"''