Sciara (fly)
Sciara is a genus of fungus gnats in the family Sciaridae.
Species
Sciara is among the largest genus in the world, with over 700 species. Species within this genus include:Sciara abbreviataSciara abditaSciara adjunctaSciara aemulaSciara aethiopsSciara africanaSciara albicoxaSciara albifronsSciara amabilisSciara analisSciara angustataSciara antiguaSciara antonovaeSciara approximataSciara aquilaSciara arcuataSciara aspiransSciara atomariaSciara atrataSciara atratulaSciara atrifronsSciara attenuataSciara audaxSciara aurosaSciara barnardiSciara biformataSciara bispinosaSciara borealisSciara brevifurcaSciara brevipetiolataSciara bullastylataSciara cameronensisSciara capensisSciara cavicataSciara cingulataSciara clavataSciara colorataSciara columbianaSciara compactaSciara concinnaSciara confusaSciara congregataSciara conjunctaSciara consanguineaSciara conterminaSciara conuliferaSciara convergensSciara copiosaSciara coprophilaSciara costalisSciara costataSciara crassicornisSciara curvinervisSciara cylindricaSciara delesseiSciara denticornisSciara diacanthaSciara didermaSciara differensSciara dimidiataSciara diminutivaSciara diotaSciara dissimilisSciara distigmaSciara distinguendaSciara divergensSciara diversaSciara diversipesSciara divesSciara dolicholabisSciara dolosaSciara erraticaSciara esuriensSciara evanescensSciara exiguaSciara exilisSciara expositaSciara exsequialisSciara familiarisSciara fasciataSciara fascipennisSciara femoralisSciara femorataSciara festinaSciara festivaSciara finitimaSciara flammiventrisSciara flavicollisSciara flavicoxisSciara flavimanaSciara flavipeuraSciara flavisetaSciara flavofemorataSciara flavomarginataSciara flavoscutellataSciara fletcheraeSciara foliorumSciara fraterculaSciara fraternaSciara frequensSciara froggattiSciara fuliginosusSciara fumipennisSciara funebrisSciara fuscipennisSciara fuscolimbataSciara futilisSciara globosaSciara griseicollisSciara grzegorsekiSciara habilisSciara hebesSciara helmsiSciara helvolaSciara hemerobioidesSciara hendersoniSciara heteropteraSciara heteropusSciara hirtilineataSciara hirtilineatoidesSciara horrescensSciara humeralisSciara hyalinataSciara ignobilisSciara incertaSciara inconstansSciara indicaSciara infantulaSciara infirmaSciara infixaSciara infrequensSciara isarthriaSciara isopalpiSciara jacobsoniSciara japonicaSciara jeanneliSciara karnyiSciara khasiensisSciara kinabaluanaSciara kitakamiensisSciara lackschewitziSciara lamprinaSciara latelineataSciara latiponsSciara leucoceraSciara ligniperdaSciara longipesSciara lucidipennisSciara lucipetaSciara luctificaSciara luculentaSciara lumuensisSciara luridaSciara luteiventrisSciara luteolamellataSciara macleayiSciara maculithoraxSciara maestaSciara mahensisSciara maolanaSciara marcillaSciara marginalisSciara marginataSciara mediofuscaSciara medullarisSciara melaleucaSciara melanostylaSciara mendaxSciara microtrichaSciara migratorSciara militarisSciara militarsisSciara minutelaSciara modestaSciara monacanthaSciara montivagaSciara multispinulosaSciara nemoralisSciara neorufescensSciara nepalensisSciara nigransSciara nigrifemurSciara nigripennisSciara nigripesSciara nigritaSciara nigropiceaSciara nitidithoraxSciara nitulinaSciara nivataSciara niveiapicalisSciara nivicolaSciara notataSciara nowickiiSciara nubiculaSciara ochrolabisSciara oppositaSciara ornatulaSciara pahangensisSciara pakkanaSciara pallescensSciara pallicepsSciara parallelaSciara patriciiSciara pectilinealisSciara penicillataSciara pernitidaSciara perpusillaSciara philippinensisSciara philpottiSciara pictipesSciara politaSciara politulaSciara praescellensSciara prominensSciara promiscuaSciara pruinosaSciara psittacusSciara pubescensSciara pulicariaSciara pycnacanthaSciara pygmaeaSciara quadrimaculataSciara ratanaSciara reciprocaSciara reconditaSciara rectaSciara remyiSciara rimiscutellataSciara robustaSciara rotundaSciara rotundipennisSciara rufaSciara ruficaudaSciara satiataSciara schmidbergeriSciara schultzeiSciara sciasticaSciara sciophilaSciara scitaSciara scitulaSciara sclerocerciSciara sedulaSciara segetumSciara segmenticornisSciara selangorianaSciara selectaSciara selliformisSciara septentrionalisSciara serenipennisSciara sericataSciara setilineataSciara seychellensisSciara simulatorSciara singhalensisSciara sororiaSciara speciosaSciara spectabilisSciara speculumSciara stigmatopleuraSciara suavisSciara subfascipennisSciara subrunnipesSciara sumatranaSciara tenompokensisSciara tepperiSciara tetraleucaSciara thomsoniSciara thoracicaSciara townesiSciara transpacificaSciara trileucarthraSciara tryoniSciara turridaSciara uichancoiSciara ulrichiSciara unicaSciara unicolorSciara unicornSciara varipesSciara vecorsSciara vicinaSciara winnertziSciara viridipesSciara womersleyiSciara vulgarisSciara vulpinaSciara xizanganaSciara yadonganaSciara zalampraSciara zealandica- ''Sciara zygocera''
Description
The adult fly is small, up to 3 mm, has a dark brown body, small head and its legs and wings are comparatively long, looking like a mosquito.Biology
These insects feed on decaying organic matter and fungi. They are often found in greenhouses. Their larvae are up to 6 mm long, white, slender and legless, with a black head and smooth semi-transparent skin which reveals the contents of the digestive tract.Sex determination in Sciara is a different mechanism. Sciara has 4 pairs of chromosomes: 3 pairs of autosomes and one pair of allosomes. Some special chromosomes called limited chromosomes are present in certain stages. The zygote has 3 pairs of autosomes a one or more limited chromosomes and 3 X chromosome. There are 2 stages in Sciara: the Germ line and the Soma line.
Germ line
The Germ line is the gametic line where the gamete formation takes place. The number of chromosomes during this line is different in males and females.In the formation sperms of males the 1st spermatocystic division is monocentric mitosis, the maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes are separated. Then few limited chromosomes are eliminated not all of them. After this one paternal X chromosome is also eliminated. Hence male germ line cells have 3 pairs of autosomes, 2 X chromosomes and a few limited chromosomes.
In the formation ova of the females the 1st ovarian division is monocentric mitosis, the maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes are separated. Then few limited chromosomes are eliminated not all of them. After this both 2 paternal X chromosome are also eliminated. Hence female germ line cells have 3 pairs of autosomes, 1 maternal X chromosomes and a few limited chromosomes.
Soma line
Soma line is the vegetative stage. During early cleavage stages of the embryo, limited chromosomes are eliminated. The number of chromosomes during this line is different in males and females.In males during the 5th and 6th divisions of the embryo all the limited chromosomes are eliminated. Then paternal X chromosome is eliminated which are 2 in number. Hence male soma line cells have 3 pairs of autosomes and one maternal X chromosome.
In the females during the 5th and 6th divisions of the embryo all the limited chromosomes are eliminated. In the next stage of cleavage one paternal X chromosome is eliminated. Hence female soma line cells have 3 pairs of autosomes and one maternal and one paternal X chromosome.