Reefs – Santa Cruz languages
The Reef Islands – Santa Cruz languages are a branch of the Oceanic languages comprising the languages of the Santa Cruz Islands and Reef Islands:
Background
The debate in Oceanic linguistics dated from the Second International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics in 1978, where two opposing papers were presented. Peter Lincoln argued that the Reefs – Santa Cruz languages were Oceanic, while Stephen Wurm argued that they were Papuan languages.Classification
These languages were only definitively classified as part of the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian family after a series of papers that refuted the three major arguments for classifying them as either primarily Papuan languages or at least heavily influenced by a Papuan substrate.- Malcolm Ross and Åshild Næss demonstrated regular sound correspondences between the reconstructed ancestor Proto-Oceanic and RSC languages. Among other changes, RSC languages are characterized by a pervasive syncope of vowels and truncation of syllables.
- Åshild Næss showed that the "multiple noun classes" in RSC do not resemble Papuan-style gender systems, but do have parallels in other Oceanic languages of nearby Vanuatu.
- Åshild Næss and Brenda H. Boerger showed that the complex verbal structures of RSC are derived by normal erosion of verb morphology and grammaticalization of verb serialization commonly found in many Oceanic languages, and thus do not reflect a Papuan substrate.
- William James Lackey and Brenda H. Boerger revises the reconstruction made by Ross and Næss, and outlines in detail some regular correspondences between RSC and Proto-Oceanic consonants that were overlooked, such as *s > t. They also conclude that the truncation of syllables in Proto-RSC was primarily driven by stress: words that contained a Proto-Oceanic final consonant, being oxytone, preserved their final syllable; likewise, syncope took place if the word originally ended in a final consonant, or was trisyllabic.