Samuel Cochran
Samuel Cochran was an American medical missionary and philanthropist who worked for over twenty years in Eastern China. One of the "first half-dozen physicians in China," Cochran was the Station Chairman for the Huaiyuan Mission. Under his leadership, two hospitals were erected in Huaiyuan, with one specifically dedicated to local women. Cochran served as president of the Medical Association of China for two terms. Later, Cochran transitioned to academia, working for Cheeloo University. and inspiring the merger between the university's medical program with Peking Women's Medical School to develop a teaching hospital. Cochran's long-term research, started at the mission and continued at the university, focused on treating visceral leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease endemic to China. Cochran would retire to the United States, continuing medical and academic work there until 1951.
Early life and education
Cochran was born in Mendham Township, New Jersey to Israel Williams Cochran, a Presbyterian minister, and Annie Carter Cochran. Cochran's maternal grandfather was , a famous book publisher in New York and one of the founders and charter members of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. This is the organization through which Cochran would eventually become a medical missionary. Cochran's brother and fellow missionary, James Cochran would be born on December 27, 1874.Cochran attended Princeton University, a member of "probably the largest Princeton family on record" as of 1926. While an undergraduate at Princeton, he would become the first ever president of the university's Cap and Gown Club and also served as the president of Murray Hall, Princeton's YMCA. Cochran would graduate fourth in the class of 1893, before attending and graduating third in his class from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York.
Cochran later pursued an education in bacteriology and serology in 1914 at the Post Graduate Hospital.
In May 1899, Cochran would marry Margaret Watts - just three months before leaving for China. Margaret Cochran would not only join her husband on the missionary trip to China, but she later proved to be popular lecturing about their missionary work.
Missionary work
After he graduated from medical school in 1896, Cochran worked in the Sloane Maternity and NewYork-Presbyterian hospitals until 1899. Both of these hospitals were affiliated with the College of Physicians and Surgeons.Journey
In August 1899, Cochran and his brother, James, would set sail for Nanjing with their wives. While they intended to spend time in Nanjing to learn the Chinese language and prepare for medical work, the Cochrans were uprooted by the Boxer Rebellion, which targeted foreigners. The Cochrans fled to Kobe, Japan, where 150 other missionaries took refuge. As the Boxer Rebellion diminished, the Cochrans would soon return to Nanjing, where they finished preparing for their own mission station located at Huaiyuan.Huaiyuan
Despite leaving in October 1902, Cochran wouldn't arrive in Huaiyuan until two months later. A jam of boats along the Grand Canal and a contaminated water supply led to Cochran's nephew developing dysentery and dying. Receiving aid from the Presbyterian Church South mission, the Cochrans spent 24 days receiving medical attention, delaying their journey. Nonetheless, Cochran was one of the 8 missionaries present as the mission opened. Cochran was named the Station Chairman for Huaiyuan and was preemptively named the Superintendent of Hope Hospital.Cochran's brother, James, was named the Boys' Boarding School Principal. The boarding school would house eighty students which targeted the "most influential families of the city," but loan libraries and reading rooms purportedly attracted many.
Cochran's first hospital, Hope Hospital, would not be completed until December 1909. Due to this lack of a central hospital, most missionaries between 1902 and 1909 were forced to rent houses from locals to live out of. One of these local houses was turned into the dispensary and operating room until the hospital was complete. The Huaiyuan mission station also provided numerous other out-stations across the region. An account of Cochran's situation stated that "he had a fine collections of instruments and he has had many major operations, but he needs rooms for consulting patients, and performing operations and a ward for his patients." Due to lack of resources, Cochran was forced to use fractional sterilization with steam, before Hope Hospital provided him with greater sterilization capabilities. Common conditions in the pre-hospital era were vesical calculus, entropion, and opium poisoning. Early successful cases resuscitating a patient with opium poisoning greatly increased the missionaries' reputation among the locals.
Excluding two year-long trips to the United States, where the Cochrans promoted missionary work, Cochran was stationed in Huaiyuan continuously. Huaiyuan's mission unveiled the Ming Kang Hospital for Women in 1919, the same year the Cochrans would leave Huaiyuan.
Hope Hospital
Hope Hospital opened in December 1909 as a gift from Mr. W. C. Lobenstine of New York. Once Hope Hospital opened, it was estimated to treat 6,000 patients each year. Of their patients, a large portion of the traumatic cases resulted from the nearby railway and engineer work. Medical workers at Hope Hospital were often tasked with treating cataracts and typhus fever. Other common conditions generally came from poor living conditions, such as malaria and abscesses. Finally, Cochran treated many cases of visceral leishmaniasis, determining a way to increase the success rate of incredibly dangerous splenectomies. Cochran also determined a new way to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis by excising an inguinal lymph node.The new hospital provided Cochran with the opportunity to conduct research, allowing him to engage in medical conferences throughout China. Most notably, Cochran presented a paper on eye diseases to the Peking Medical Conference in 1913. Additionally, Cochran made headlines in 1915 for his debate on anesthetics with J. L. Maxwell. Cochran's advocacy for the use of ether, despite the greater difficulty it posed for the doctor, asserted the importance of patient safety in doctor considerations.
Hope Hospital also functioned as a form of proselytization in the local communities. When patients are not being seen by Cochran. "his brother holds a religious service." Cochran acknowledged the power to convert, recounting an interaction he had with one local who was prejudiced against Christianity. Instead, Cochran said "that's all over now for his stay in the hospital has shown him some things about Christianity that might have taken him long time to learn in any other way."
Plague and famine work
In 1911, numerous provinces in Eastern China were inundated with the overflowing of nearby rivers, primarily the Yangtze and the Huai. The floods most severely affected the Anhui province where Huaiyuan is, with as many as 100,000 people having drowned. Due to the inundation of crops, many were forced into poverty as the food supply also decreased. In Anhui, as much as 70% of the rice crop was destroyed.The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions estimated that 2,500,000 people were affected by the famine and that Huaiyuan sat as the pivot of this famine district. Cochran was directly responsible for 7,000 square miles of this, where two-thirds of all individuals were reported to have abandoned their homes in search of food. This resulted in more than thousands of homeless and hungry, resorting to eating things such as grass, straw, and tree bark. As such, much of famine relief was delegated to the Huaiyuan station. Cochran and other missionaries would distribute grains from railway terminals for three months, while over 1,000,000 people in Eastern China were enrolled to receive aid from missionaries. Even still, these grains were only expected to support 43,000 people for 20 days at a time. Cochran's hospital work would decrease as he routinely took multiple-day rides throughout Anhui province to monitor the grain distribution.
Plague response (1911–1912)
Compounding the flooding and famine striking Eastern China, Northeast China saw an outbreak of the plague in 1911. In Vladivostok, Russia, a fight between Russian soldiers and Chinese locals forced many Chinese to leave the famine-infected district of Northeast China and Russia, bringing themselves south towards Anhui. While the plague would never reach Huaiyuan, Cochran went to assist with medical efforts to treat the infected. However, interacting with infected individuals resulted in Cochran contracting typhus, leaving him bedridden and seriously ill. Cochran would recover by the end of 1911.In the Spring of 1912, "famine fever" was still prevalent. As a result, Cochran set up and operated a special fever ward in buildings adjacent to Hope Hospital. They would treat 120 cases: 90 cases of relapsing fever and 30 of typhus.
Revolution of 1911
At the end of 1911, China underwent another revolution. Many locals had become agitated by the lack of government support for the floods, famine, and plague. However, unlike the Boxer Rebellion, this revolution was not targeted at foreigners and missionaries - many of whom supported the poor in China during the famine and plague. Regardless, many women and children from the mission station were sent to Shanghai for fear that the railroad would be attacked, removing their mobility. Cochran stayed at the hospital to continue providing service at the hospital clinic, where he performed several operations daily.Despite the missionary's confidence in their safety, several thousand people had converged on Huaiyuan, where "an attack, with inevitable looting and massacre, was imminent," according to Cochran. In reality, the attack was minimal as the locals had beaten off the attackers based on the strong reputation of the mission and hospital.