Homophone
A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning or in spelling. The two words may be spelled the same, for example rose and rose, or spelled differently, as in rain, reign, and rein. The term homophone sometimes applies to units longer or shorter than words, for example a phrase, letter, or groups of letters which are pronounced the same as a counterpart. Any unit with this property is said to be homophonous.
Homophones that are spelled the same are both homographs and homonyms. For example, the word read, in "He is well read" and in "Yesterday, I read that book".
Homophones that are spelled differently are also called heterographs, e.g. to, too, and two.
Wordplay and games
Homophones are often used to create puns and to deceive the reader or to suggest multiple meanings. The last usage is common in poetry and creative literature. An example of this is seen in Dylan Thomas's radio play Under Milk Wood: "The shops in mourning" where mourning can be heard as mourning or morning. Another vivid example is Thomas Hood's use of birth and berth as well as told and toll'd in his poem "Faithless Sally Brown":In some accents, various sounds have merged in that they are no longer distinctive, and thus words that differ only by those sounds in an accent that maintains the distinction are homophonous in the accent with the merger. Some examples from English are:
- pin and pen in many southern American accents
- by and buy
- merry, marry, and Mary in most American accents
- The pairs do and due as well as forward and foreword are homophonous in most American accents but not in most English accents
- The pairs talk and torque as well as court and caught are distinguished in non-rhotic accents|rhotic] accents, such as Scottish English, and most dialects of American English, but are homophones in some non-rhotic accents, such as British Received Pronunciation
Malapropisms, which often create a similar comic effect, are usually near-homophones. See also Eggcorn.
Same-sounding phrases
During the 1980s, an attempt was made to promote a distinctive term for same-sounding multiple words or phrases, by referring to them as "oronyms",but since the term oronym was already well established in linguistics as an onomastic designation for a class of toponymic features, the alternative use of the same term was not well-accepted in scholarly literature.
In various languages
English
Certain word pairs that were historically variant spellings of the same words, but eventually standardized as distinct homophonous words by mere spelling, include:- flour and flower: flour is the older spelling used for the later meaning ; flower is the later spelling used for the original meaning. The verb flourish is spelt more similarly to the noun flour.
- discrete and discreet: discrete maintains the original meaning ; discreet is used for the later meaning, although the noun discretion looks more similar to discrete. The split in spelling occurred after during the late 16th century when discreet was favored for the popular meaning of "prudent," while discrete is favored in academic contexts.
- passed and past: past was one of the many variants of the past participle passed of the Middle English verb passen. During the 14th century, past was used specifically as an adjective and preposition, and during the 15th century as a noun by ellipsis with the earlier adjective. Compare the Romance cognates, French passé, Italian passato, Portuguese passado and Spanish pasado, all of which function as past participles, adjectives and nouns.
- born and borne: these were variant spellings of the same past participle of bear, whose general meaning is "carry", but with one specific derived meaning, "birth". The distinction between born for "birthed" and borne for "carried" came to be sometime during the 17th century. Compare sworne, torne and worne, variants of sworn, torn and worn, that did not survive into present-day English.
Homophones can arise from borrowed words which end up being pronounced the same in English, such as profit and prophet. Sometimes the English words are even homographs, such as quarry and quarry or policy and policy —see the discussion of English homographs from different Greek origins.
Many words were historically heterophonous, but after historical sound changes, including the Great Vowel Shift and Phonological [history of English vowels|various vowel mergers], they became homophonous. For example, ail and ale, both pronounced in Modern English, were respectively eile(n) and ale in Middle English before the Great Vowel Shift. The verbs lie and lie used to be lēogan and liċġan in Old English; while will and will used to be willan and willian.
Ax, an obsolescent variant of ask, is homophonous with ax(e) in some Scottish accents, but with arcs in some English accents such as Multicultural London English.
Epenthesis, which often occurs at the boundary between a nasal and a fricative, can cause some words that are phonemically distinct to become phonetically homophonous. For example, assistance may be pronounced, with an additional t like in assistants.
German
There are many homophones in present-day standard German. As in other languages, however, there exists regional and/or individual variation in certain groups of words or in single words, so that the number of homophones varies accordingly. Regional variation is especially common in words that exhibit the long vowels ä and e. According to the well-known dictionary Duden, these vowels should be distinguished as /ɛ:/ and /e:/, but this is not always the case, so that words like Ähre and Ehre may or may not be homophones.Individual variation is shown by a pair like Gäste – Geste, the latter of which varies between /ˈɡe:stə/ and /ˈɡɛstə/ and by a pair like Stiel – Stil, the latter of which varies between /ʃtiːl/ and /stiːl/.
Besides websites that offer extensive lists of German homophones, there are others which provide numerous sentences with various types of homophones. In the German language homophones occur in more than 200 instances. Of these, a few are triples like
- Waagen – Wagen – wagen
- Waise – Weise – weise
Spanish
Spanish has many homophones, but fewer than English. Some are homonyms, such as basta, which can either mean 'enough' or 'coarse', and some exist because of homophonous letters. For example, the letters b and v are pronounced exactly alike, so the words basta and vasta are pronounced identically.Other homonyms are spelled the same, but mean different things in different genders. For example, the masculine noun el capital means 'capital' as in 'money', but the feminine noun la capital means 'capital city'.
Japanese
There are many homophones in Japanese, due to the use of Sino-Japanese vocabulary, where borrowed words and morphemes from Chinese are widely used in Japanese, but many phonemic contrasts, such as the original words' tones, are lost.An extreme example is the pronunciation which, accounting for the "flat" pitch accent, is used for the following words:
- 機構
- 紀行
- 稀覯
- 騎行
- 奇功
- 起稿
- 奇行
- 機巧
- 寄港
- 帰校
- 気功
- 寄稿
- 機甲
- 帰航
- 奇効
- 季候
- 気孔
- 起工
- 気候
- 帰港
Korean
The Korean language contains a combination of words that strictly belong to Korean and words that are loanwords from Chinese. Due to Chinese being pronounced with varying tones and Korean's removal of those tones, and because the modern Korean writing system, Hangeul, has a more finite number of phonemes than, for example, Latin-derived alphabets such as that of English, there are many homonyms with both the same spelling and pronunciation.For example
- : 'to put on makeup' vs. : 'to cremate'
- : 'inheritance' vs. : 'miscarriage'
- : 'fart' vs. : 'guard'
- '밤': 'chestnut' vs. '밤': 'night'
- '학문': 'learning' vs. '항문': 'anus'.
As in other languages, Korean homonyms can be used to make puns. The context in which the word is used indicates which meaning is intended by the speaker or writer.
Mandarin Chinese
Due to phonological constraints in Mandarin syllables, there are only a little over 400 possible unique syllables that can be produced, compared to over 15,831 in the English language.Chinese has an entire genre of poems taking advantage of the large amount of homophones called one-syllable articles, or poems where every single word in the poem is pronounced as the same syllable if tones are disregarded. An example is the Lion-Eating Poet in [the Stone Den].
Like all Chinese languages, Mandarin uses phonemic tones to distinguish homophonic syllables; Mandarin has five tones. A famous example,
- means "mother"
- means "hemp"
- means "horse"
- means "scold"
- is a yes / no question particle
However, even with tones, Mandarin retains a very large amount of homophones. Yì, for example, has at least 125 homophones, and it is the pronunciation used for Chinese characters such as 义, 意, 易, 亿, 议, 一, and 已.
There are even place names in China that have identical pronunciations, aside for the difference in tone. For example, there are two neighboring provinces with nearly identical names, Shanxi and Shaanxi. The only difference in pronunciation between the two names are the tone in the first syllable. As most languages exclude the tone diacritics when transcribing Chinese place names into their own languages, the only way to visually distinguish the two names is to write Shaanxi in Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization. Otherwise, nearly all other spellings of placenames in mainland China are spelled using Hanyu Pinyin romanization.
Many scholars believe that the Chinese language did not always have such a large number of homophones and that the phonological structure of Chinese syllables was once more complex, which allowed for a larger amount of possible syllables so that words sounded more distinct from each other.
Scholars also believe that Old Chinese had no phonemic tones, but tones emerged in Middle Chinese to replace sounds that were lost from Old Chinese. Since words in Old Chinese sounded more distinct from each other at this time, it explains why many words in Classical Chinese consisted of only one syllable. For example, the Standard Mandarin word 狮子 was simply 狮 in Classical Chinese, and the Standard Mandarin word 教育 was simply 教 in Classical Chinese.
Since many Chinese words became homophonic over the centuries, it became difficult to distinguish words when listening to documents written in Classical Chinese being read aloud. One-syllable articles like those mentioned above are evidence for this. For this reason, many one-syllable words from Classical Chinese became two-syllable words, like the words mentioned in the previous paragraph.
Even with the existence of two- or two-syllable words, however, there are even multisyllabic homophones. And there are also a lot of harmonic words. The cultural phenomenon brought about by such linguistic characteristics is that from ancient times to the present day, people have been keen to play games and jokes with homophonic and harmonic words. In modern life, the influence of homophones can be seen everywhere, from CCTV evening sketch programmes, folk art performances and popular folk life. In recent years, receiving the influence of Internet pop culture, young people have invented more new and popular homophones. Homophones even play a major role in daily life throughout China, including Spring Festival traditions, which gifts to give, political criticism, texting, and many other aspects of people's lives.
Another complication that arises within the Chinese language is that in non-rap songs, tones are disregarded in favor of maintaining melody in the song. While in most cases, the lack of phonemic tones in music does not cause confusion among native speakers, there are instances where puns may arise.
Subtitles in Chinese characters are usually displayed on music videos and in songs sung on movies and TV shows to disambiguate the song's lyrics.
Russian
The presence of homophones in the Russian language is associated in some cases with the phenomenon of devoicing of consonants at the end of words and before another consonant sound, in other cases with the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position. Examples include: порог — порок — парок, луг — лук, плод — плот, туш — тушь, падёж — падёшь, бал — балл, косный — костный, предать — придать, компания — кампания, косатка — касатка, привидение — приведение, кот — код, прут — пруд, титрация — тетрация, комплимент — комплемент.Also, in reflexive verbs, the infinitive and the present tense of the third person of the same verb are often pronounced the same way : решиться — решится, строиться — строится, гнуться — гнутся, вернуться — вернутся. This often leads to incorrect spelling of reflexive verbs ending with -ться/-тся: in some cases, Ь is mistakenly placed before -ся in the present tense of the third person, while in others, on the contrary, Ь before -ся is missing in the infinitive form.
Vietnamese
It is estimated that there are approximately 4,500 to 4,800 possible syllables in Vietnamese, depending on the dialect. The exact number is difficult to calculate because there are significant differences in pronunciation among the dialects. For example, the graphemes and digraphs "d", "gi", and "r" are all pronounced /z/ in the Hanoi dialect, so the words dao, giao, and rao are all pronounced /zaw˧/. In Saigon dialect, however, the graphemes and digraphs "d", "gi", and "v" are all pronounced /j/, so the words dao, giao, and vao are all pronounced /jaw˧/.Pairs of words that are homophones in one dialect may not be homophones in the other. For example, the words sắc and xắc are both pronounced /săk˧˥/ in Hanoi dialect, but pronounced /ʂăk˧˥/ and /săk˧˥/ in Saigon dialect respectively.