Isotopes of samarium
Naturally occurring samarium is composed of five stable isotopes, 144Sm, 149Sm, 150Sm, 152Sm and 154Sm, and two extremely long-lived radioisotopes, 147Sm and 148Sm, with 152Sm being the most abundant. 146Sm is also fairly long-lived, but is not long-lived enough to have survived in significant quantities from the formation of the Solar System on Earth, although it remains useful in radiometric dating in the Solar System as an extinct radionuclide. It is the longest-lived nuclide that has not yet been confirmed to be primordial. Its instability is due to having 84 neutrons, and so it may emit an alpha particle to form neodymium-142 with 82 neutrons.
Other than those, the longest-lived radioisotopes are 151Sm, which has a half-life of 94.6 years, and 145Sm, which has a half-life of 340 days. All of the remaining radioisotopes, which range from 129Sm to 168Sm, have half-lives that are less than two days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 48 seconds. The most stable of the known isomers is 141mSm.
The long-lived isotopes, 146Sm, 147Sm, and 148Sm, decay by alpha emission to isotopes of neodymium. Lighter unstable isotopes of samarium primarily decay by electron capture to isotopes of promethium, while heavier ones decay by beta decay to isotopes of europium. A 2012 paper revising the estimated half-life of 146Sm from 10.3×107 y to 6.8×107 y was retracted in 2023, and the current, more accurate, value published subsequently.
The isotope 147Sm is used in samarium–neodymium dating and as mentioned the extinct 146Sm can also be used for dating.
151Sm is a medium-lived fission product and acts as a neutron poison in the nuclear fuel cycle. The stable fission product 149Sm is also a neutron poison.
Samarium is the lightest element with even atomic number with no theoretically stable isotopes, other such elements are those with atomic numbers > 66.
List of isotopes
Samarium-149
Samarium-149 is an observationally stable isotope of samarium, and a product of the decay chain from the fission product 149Nd. 149Sm is a neutron-absorbing nuclear poison with significant effect on nuclear reactor operation, second only to 135Xe. Its neutron cross section is 40140 barns for thermal neutrons.The equilibrium concentration builds to an equilibrium value in about 500 hours of reactor operation, and since 149Sm is stable, the concentration remains essentially constant during further reactor operation. This contrasts with xenon-135, which accumulates from the beta decay of iodine-135 and has a high neutron cross section, but itself decays with a half-life of 9.2 hours, causing the so-called xenon pit.
Samarium-151
Samarium-151 has a half-life of 94.6 years, undergoing low-energy beta decay, and has a fission product yield of 0.4203% for thermal neutrons and 235U, about 39% of 149Sm's yield. The yield is somewhat higher for 239Pu.Its neutron absorption cross section for thermal neutrons is high at 15200 barns, about 38% of 149Sm's absorption cross section, or about 20 times that of 235U. Since the ratios between the production and absorption rates of 151Sm and 149Sm are almost equal, the two isotopes should reach similar equilibrium concentrations. Since 149Sm reaches equilibrium in about 500 hours, 151Sm should reach equilibrium in about 50 days. As this is still much shorter than its radioactive half-life, decay will hardly affect this equilibrium while in the reactor.
Since nuclear fuel is used for several years in a nuclear power plant, the final amount of 151Sm in the spent nuclear fuel at discharge is only a small fraction of the total 151Sm produced during the use of the fuel.
According to one study, the mass fraction of 151Sm in spent fuel is about 0.0025 for heavy loading of MOX fuel and about half that for uranium fuel, which is roughly two orders of magnitude less than the mass fraction of about 0.15 for the medium-lived fission product 137Cs. The decay energy of 151Sm is also about an order of magnitude less than that of 137Cs. The low yield, low survival rate, and low decay energy mean that 151Sm has insignificant nuclear waste impact compared to the two main medium-lived fission products 137Cs and 90Sr.
Samarium-153