Palaung language
Palaung or Ta'ang, also known as De'ang, is an Austroasiatic dialect cluster spoken by over half a million people in Burma and neighboring countries. The Palaung people are divided into Palé, Rumai, and Shwe, and each of whom have their own language. The Riang languages are reported to be unintelligible or only understood with great difficulty by native speakers of the other Palaung languages.
A total number of speakers is uncertain; there were 150,000 Shwe speakers in 1982, 272,000 Ruching speakers in 2000, and 139,000 Rumai speakers at an unrecorded date. Palaung was classified as a "severely endangered" language in UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.'''' The Rulai dialect spoken near Lashio has regular phonological changes and some lexical differences from Ruching''.''
Dialects
Yan and Zhou (2012)
Chinese linguists classify "De'ang 德昂" varieties as follows. Names in IPA are from Yan & Zhou- Bulei 布雷 : spoken in Luxi
- *Bulei 布雷 dialect
- *Raojin 饶进 dialect
- Liang 梁 : spoken in Longchuan and Ruili
- Rumai 汝买 , ') : spoken in Zhenkang and Baoshan
Liu documents three Palaungic lects, namely:
- Guangka Village, Mengxiu Township, Ruili City ; ; tonal
- Mengdan Village, Santaishan Township ; ; non-tonal
- Guanshuang Village, Mengman Township, Xishuangbanna ; ; tonal
Ostapirat (2009)
Weera Ostapirat classifies the Palaung languages as follows. Defining sound changes are given in parentheses.;Palaung
- Ta-ang
- Rumai-Darang
- *Rumai
- *Ra-ang-Darang
- **Ra-ang
- **Darang
- ***Na-ang
- ***Darang
- ***Da-ang
- ***''Dara-ang''
Shintani (2008)
recognizes two dialects of Palaung, namely Southern Palaung and Northern Palaung. Southern Palaung unvoiced stops correspond to Northern Palaung voiced stops, the latter which Shintani believes to be retentions from Proto-Palaungic. Southern Palaung dialects studied by Shintani are those of:Deepadung et al. (2015)
Deepadung et al. classify the Palaung dialects as follows.;Palaung
- Ta-ang: Namhsan, Khun Hawt, Htan Hsan
- *Pule: Pang Kham, Man Loi, Meng Dan, Chu Dong Gua
- *Dara-ang: Pan Paw, Noe Lae, Nyaung Gone, Pong Nuea, Xiang Cai Tang 香菜塘
- *Rumai: Nan Sang, Guang Ka, Mang Bang
- *? Cha Ye Qing 茶叶箐
Phonology
Chen, et al. lists the following consonants for Palaung:A final /r/ can be heard as a voiceless sound , and following a /u/ it is heard as .
/ɤ/ can be heard in rapid speech as a central vowel , and is heard as elsewhere. /a/ can be heard as fronted before /k, ŋ/, and before /n, t/.
According to Shorto, /ɤ/ does not occur alone in primary stressed syllable, but only in an unstressed syllable or as the second member of a diphthong. There are also a large number of diphthongs, including /eo/, /eɤ/, /aɤ/, /ɔɤ/, /oɤ/, /uɤ/, and /iɤ/.
Although Milne includes the vowels /ü, ö, ɪ/ in her transcriptions, Shorto did not find these as vowel phonemes in his work.
Writing system
During British rule in Burma, Palaung speakers used the Shan script to write their languages. An American Christian missionary introduced a new script for Palaung in 1912, but the script failed to gain traction.In 1955, Paw San devised a new script for the language, and was awarded a gold medal by the local chieftain, Khun Pan Cing, for his efforts. However, the script did not displace other writing systems used for Palaung, especially due to the dominance of Shan authorities. From 1967 to 1968, the Shan Council held a session in Taunggyi to devise a new script and settled on a Burmese-based script to make Pali texts more accessible to Palaung speakers.
A standardised form of this script was adopted in 1972, and is currently used in non-formal education in Shan State and Mandalay. Based on the Burmese alphabet, it retains all Burmese consonants and introduces some new vowel combinations, an additional consonant, and a complete set of tone markers influenced by the Shan language. This enables Pali words to be written using their original form, though only Palaung-specific sounds are commonly represented. Unlike scripts for Mon or Burmese, the Palaung script does not reflect an older stage of the language. It shares some features with the Shan script. The script is especially used for the northern Palaung varieties of Shwe and Rumai, although the literacy rate is generally low due to the presence of higher prestige languages of Shan and Burmese in the region. Recently, community groups in Shan State and Mandalay have undertaken efforts to standardise Palaung orthography.
The southern variety of Palaung, Ruching, is also written using the Tai Tham script, although literacy is low, and now competes with the Burmese-derived script.
Grammar
A brief verbal morphology of Rumai, a variety of Palaung, was documented by Weymuth. Verbs in Rumai Palaung are inflected per tense, aspect and mood.| Affixes | Function | Domain |
| giːj- | imperfective | aspectual |
| ʔɯN- | durative | aspectual |
| ʔə- | inceptive | aspectual |
| hɔ̆j- | new situation | aspectual |
| tʌm- | experiential | aspectual |
| nʌŋ- | irrealis | modality |
| siŋ- | desiderative | modality |
| buː- | negative | negation |
| ʔaːw- | negative | negation |
| -maʔ | negative | negation |
| ɲjʌm- | ‘not yet’ | negation |
| kʰuː- | prohibitive | negation |
| kə- | reciprocal | reciprocal |
| laj- | reciprocal | reciprocal |
Syntax
The examples below are form Milne.Nouns and noun phrases
The order of elements in the noun phrase is N – –.Consider the following examples: