Rufous-tailed tyrant

The rufous-tailed tyrant is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Taxonomy and systematics

The rufous-tailed tyrant was formally described in 1862 as Empidochanes poecilurus. Later authors placed it genera Cnemotriccus and by itself in Eumyiobius. A 1937 publication placed it in its current genus Knipolegus.
The rufous-tailed tyrant has these five subspecies:

K. p. poecilurus
K. p. venezuelanus
K. p. paraquensis Phelps, WH & Phelps, WH Jr, 1949
K. p. salvini
K. p. peruanus

However, each subspecies is as variable as the species as a whole and there are no significant genetic differences among them.

Description

The rufous-tailed tyrant is long and weighs. Adult males of the nominate subspecies K. p. poecilurus have a mostly grayish to brownish gray head and upperparts with a whitish throat. Their wings are dusky with buff edges on the inner remiges and buffy-gray tips on the coverts that show as two wing bars. Their tail is dusky with wide cinnamon edges on the inner webs that are conspicuous in flight. Their underparts are dull buffy gray or cinnamon-buff with a gray wash on the breast. Adult females are very similar to males but slightly browner overall. Both sexes have a red iris, a longish black bill, and black legs and feet. Juveniles have a cinnamon wash, more rufous in the tail than adults, cinnamon wing bars, and a brown iris.
The other subspecies of the rufous-tailed tyrant differ from the nominate and each other thus:

K. p. salvini: grayer upperparts than nominate, with no wing bars, little rufous in tail, white belly, and rufous vent
K. p. venezuelanus: intermediate between salvini and nominate
K. p. paraquensis: smaller and darker than nominate, with no wing markings and no rufous in the tail
K. p. peruanus: variable but generally darker than the nominate

Distribution and habitat

The rufous-tailed tyrant has a disjunct distribution. The subspecies are found thus:

K. p. poecilurus: Colombian Andes and Serranía del Perijá on the Colombia-Venezuela border
K. p. venezuelanus: Venezuela in western states of Táchira and Mérida and separately in the northern Capital District
K. p. paraquensis: Cerro Sipapo, a tepui in Venezuela's northwestern Amazonas state
K. p. salvini: tepuis in southern Venezuela's southern Amazonas and southern Bolívar states and immediately adjacent western Guyana and northern Brazil The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society also has records in Suriname.
K. p. peruanus: eastern slope of the Andes from western Sucumbíos Province of northeastern Ecuador south through Peru into western Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia

The rufous-tailed tyrant inhabits a variety of landscapes, most of which are somewhat open. In the Andes these include the edges and clearings of humid montane forest, shrubby areas adjacent to them, and pastures with scattered trees. In most other areas it inhabits these landscapes and also secondary forest. In Peru it also is found in stunted ridgetop forest on nutrient-poor soil. In southern Venezuela it mostly occupies stunted second growth forest on white-sand soils heavy with Melastomataceae. It occurs between in elevation in Colombia, mostly between in Ecuador, between in Peru, between in Brazil, and up to
in Venezuela.

Behavior

Movement

The rufous-tailed tyrant is a year-round resident but is known to make local movements into freshly opened areas such as landslides.

Feeding

The rufous-tailed tyrant feeds on insects. It usually forages singly or in pairs and only rarely joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It perches upright, often somewhat hidden in low bushes but also higher on the forest edge and in the open on fence posts. When perched it often lifts and slowly drops its tail. It takes most prey in mid-air with a short sally "". It will also drop to the ground to take prey.

Breeding

The rufous-tailed tyrant's breeding season has not been defined but appears to span March to September in Colombia and include August in Ecuador. Two nests are known. They were open cups made from sticks, lined with softer thin fibers, and placed in clumps of grass in cattle pastures. Each contained one egg that was cream with a few red-brown marks. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.

Vocalization

The rufous-tailed tyrant is not highly vocal. Its call has been described as "a short, metallic trill, tzteeer or triiit", "high-pitched, raspy tzreeet notes followed by some jumbled notes", and "a dry, buzzy, descending dzeer a series of high peeps and a sharp, rising tip".

Status

The IUCN has assessed the rufous-tailed tyrant as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered "uncommon and local" in Venezuela, local in Brazil and Colombia, "scarce and local" in Ecuador, and "widespread but uncommon" in Peru. It is found in protected areas in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.