Rotwelsch


Rotwelsch or Gaunersprache also Khokhmer Loshn is a secret language, a cant or thieves' argot, spoken by groups in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Bohemia. The language is based on a mix of Low German, Yiddish, Hebrew, Romani, Latin, and Czech with a High German substrate.

Name

Rotwelsch was first named by Martin Luther in his preface of Liber Vagatorum in the 16th century. Rot means "beggar" while welsch means "incomprehensible" : thus, rotwelsch signifies the incomprehensible cant of beggars.

History

Rotwelsch was formerly common among travelling craftspeople and vagrants. The language is built on a strong substratum of German, but contains numerous words from other languages, notably from various German dialects, and other Germanic languages like Yiddish, as well as from Romany languages. Rotwelsch has also played a great role in the development of the Yeniche language. In form and development it closely parallels the commercial speech of German-speaking regions.
During the 19th and 20th century, Rotwelsch was the object of linguistic repression, with systematic investigation by the German police.

Examples

  • Schokelmei = Kaffee
  • schenigeln = arbeiten
  • Krauter = Chef eines Handwerkbetriebes
  • Kreuzspanne = Weste
  • Wolkenschieber = Frisör, Barbier
  • Stenz = Wanderstock des Handwerksburschen
  • fechten = betteln
  • Platte machen = Unterkunft suchen
  • Puhler = Polizist

From Feraru's ''Muskel-Adolf & Co.''

From:
  • abfaßen = to arrest
  • acheln = to eat
  • ackern = to go acquire; to go off the line
  • den Affen kaufen = to get drunk
  • alle gehn = to be arrested; to vanish into thin air
  • assern = to testify against someone, to 'betray' them
  • aufmucken = to revolt against orders
  • auftalgen = to hang
  • der Getalgente = the hanged man
  • balldowern = to spy out; to make inquiries about
  • ballmischpet = examining magistrate
  • der Bau = the prison or penitentiary
  • Bauer = a stupid simple-minded person
  • begraben sein = to be hunted for a long time
  • bei jom = by day
  • bei leile = by night
  • der Bello = the prison toilet
  • beramschen = to swindle
  • berappen = to pay up or fork over money ; also possibly from Malayan through Dutch: berapa means 'how much?', now integrated in Dutch as berappen: to pay.
  • betuke = discreet or imperceptible
  • die Bim = the tramway
  • bleffen = to threaten. Possibly from Dutch: blaffen: to bark.
  • der Bock, from Romani bokh = hunger, coll. Bock haben = to be up for something.
  • Bombe = coffee glass
  • brennen = Extortion, but also to collect the "thieves' portion" with companions. The analogy between distilling spirits and taking a good gulp of the portion is obvious.

Current status

Variants of Rotwelsch, sometimes toned down, can still be heard among travelling craftspeople and funfair showpeople as well as among vagrants and beggars. Also, in some southwestern and western locales in Germany, where travelling peoples were settled, many Rotwelsch terms have entered the vocabulary of the vernacular, for instance in the municipalities of Schillingsfürst and Schopfloch. Some Rotwelsch- and Yenish-speaking vagrant communities also exist in Switzerland due the country's neutral status during World War Two.
A few Rotwelsch words have entered the colloquial language, for example, aufmucken, Bau, and berappen. Baldowern or ausbaldowern is very common in the Berlin dialect; Bombe is still used in German prison jargon. Bock haben is also still used all around Germany. The Manisch dialect of the German city of Gießen is still used, although it was only spoken fluently by approximately 700-750 people in 1976.

Code

Josef Ludwig Blum from Lützenhardt wrote from war prison:
"s grüßt Dich nun recht herzlich Dein Mann, viele Grüße an Schofel und Bock. Also nochmals viel Glück auf ein baldiges Wiedersehen in der schönen Heimat. Viele Grüße an Mutter u. Geschwister sowie an die Deinen."
The censors allowed the passage to remain, apparently believing that Bock and Schofel were people. They were instead code words, Schofel and Bock, which hid the message that the prisoners weren't doing well, and that they were starving.

In arts

A variant of Rotwelsch was spoken by some American criminal groups in the 1930s and the 1940s, and harpist Zeena Parkins' 1996 album Mouth=Maul=Betrayer made use of spoken Rotwelsch texts.
An example of Rotwelsch is found in Gustav Meyrink's Der Golem and reads as follows: