Romanian Cyrillic alphabet


The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language and Church Slavonic from the 14th century until the 1830s, when it began to be gradually replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet. Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Russian-ruled Bessarabia.
From the 1830s until the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, the Romanian transitional alphabet was in place, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters with diacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet. The Romanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881.
The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is not the same as the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet that was used in the Moldavian SSR for most of the Soviet era and that is still used in Transnistria.

Rules

The orthographic rules for the Romanian Cyrillic script were relatively inconsistent, especially differing from region to region.
Some of the more common standards include:
1. 'ь' is placed at the end of words ending in a consonant. It represents the archaic Romanian "short asyllabic final u sound", which was denoted with 'ꙋ' or 'ꙋ꙼' in some older texts. 'ь' was eventually dropped to reduce printing cost.
2. The breve mark is used to mark a vowel as short, such as with 'й' and 'Ꙋ꙼' which are not considered separate from 'и' and 'ꙋ' respectively.
3. Є, Ѻ, Оу and are the initial variants of Е, О, , Ѧ respectively.
4. Ї is the equivalent of И before a vowel. It is also used in Greek loanwords and proper names.
5. serves as the word initial equivalent of ѫ. It can represent the sounds /ɨn/ and /ɨm/ as well.
6. Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ are only used in Greek loanwords.
7. Ѵ usually represents the sounds /i/ when proceeding a consonant and /v/ when proceeding a vowel. Although educated speakers likely pronounced it as /y/.
8. 'їꙋ' or iotated ꙋ may be used in place of 'ю' in proper names.
9. '' can be used as a variation of 'ѻ' as well as replacing 'o' when stressed. It also appears in the endings of words in the genitive and dative. It rarely represents the diphthong /o̯a/ more often representing the diphthong /ŭə/.

Table of correspondence

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was close to the contemporary version of the Early Cyrillic alphabet of the Church Slavonic liturgical language.
LetterNumerical
value
Romanian
Latin
equivalent
Transitional
alphabet
Moldovan
Cyrillic
equivalent
PhonemeRomanian
name
Slavonic
equiv.
name
А а1aA aаazазъ
Б bБ бbucheбꙋкꙑ
В в2vВ ввvedeвѣдѣ
Г г3gh
g
G gгglagolглаголи
Д д4dD dдdobruдобро
Є є, Е е5eE eеestєстъ
Ж жjЖ жжjuveteживѣтє
Ѕ ѕ6dzḐ ḑдзzaluꙃѣло
З з7zZ zзzemleзємл҄ꙗ
И и8iI iиijeижє
Й йiĬ ĭйijeижє
І і10iI iиiи
К к20ch
c
К к
or
K k
кkakuкако
Л л30lЛ ллliudeлюдиѥ
М м40mM mмmisleteмꙑслитє
Н н50nN nнnașнашь
Ѻ ѻ, О о70oO oоonонъ
П п80pП ппpocoiпокои
Р р100rР ррrâțăрьци
С с200sS sсslovăслово
Т т300tT tтtferduтврьдо
ОУ оу400uꙊ ꙋ уupsilonꙋкъ
Оу Ȣ, У ȢuꙊ ꙋ уucuꙋкъ
Ф ф500fF fфfârtaфрьтъ
Х х600hХ ххheruхѣръ
Ѡ ѡ800oO oоomegaотъ
Щ щștЩ щштșteaща
Ц ц900țЦ ццțiци
Ч ч90c
ci
Ч ччcervuчрьвь
Ш шșШ шшșaша
Ъ ъă, ŭЪ ъэierѥръ
Ы ы, Ꙑ ꙑâ, îÎ îыierîѥрꙑ
Ь ьă, ŭ, ĭꙊ̆ ꙋ̆ьieriѥрь
Ѣ ѣeaEa eaяeatiѣть
Ю юiuĬꙋ ĭꙋюio / iuю
Ꙗ ꙗiaĬa ĭaяia
Ѥ ѥieĬe ĭeиеѥ
Ѧ ѧĭa, eaĬa ĭa, Ea eaяiaѧсъ
Ѫ ѫîÎ îыiusѫсъ
Ѯ ѯ60xKs ksксcsiѯи
Ѱ ѱ700psПs пsпсpsiѱи
Ѳ ѳ9th, ftT t, Ft ftт, фт and approx. or thitaфита
Ѵ ѵ400i, uI i; Ꙋ ꙋи, уijițaижица
Ꙟ ꙟ, ↑ ↑în îmÎn în Îm îmын, ым, în
Џ џg
gi
Џ џӂgea

Unregulated transitional alphabets

Starting with the 1830s and ending with the official adoption of the Latin alphabet, there were no regulations for writing Romanian, and various alphabets using Cyrillic and Latin letters, besides the mid-transitional version in the table above, were used, sometimes two or more of them in a single book. The following table shows some of the many alphabets used in print.
Pre-1830183318381846 1846 184818581860
А аА аА аА аА аА аA aA a
Б Б Б Б Б Б B bБ
В вВ вВ вВ вВ вВ вV vВ в
Г гГ гГ гГ гГ гГ гG gГ г
Д дД дД дD dД дD dD dD d
Є є, Е eЄ єЄ єE eE ɛE eE eE e
Ж жЖ жЖ жЖ жЖ жЖ жJ jЖ ж
Ѕ ѕЅ ѕДз дзḐ ḑДз дзDz dzDz dzDz dz
З зЗ зЗ зZ zЗ зZ zZ zZ z
И иИ иI iI iІ іI iI iI i
І іЇ їI iI iІ іI iI iI i
К кК кК кK kК кК кK kK k
Л лЛ лЛ лЛ лЛ лЛ лL lL l
М мМ мМ мM mМ мM mM mM m
Н нН нН нN nN ɴN nN nN n
Ѻ ѻ, О oО оО оO oО оО оО оO о
П пП пП пП пП пП пП пП п
Р рР рР рР рР рР рR rР р
С сС сС сS sС сС сS sS s
Т тТ тТ тT tТ тТ тT tT t
Оу оуУ у
Ȣ ȣȢ ȣȢ ȣȢ ȣȢ ȣȢ ȣ
Ꙋ, ȣУ у
Ꙋ ꙋ
Ȣ ȣȢ ȣȢ ȣȢ ȣȢ ȣȢ ȣ
Ф фФ фФ фФ фФ фФ фF fФ ф
Х хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ х
Ѡ ѡѠ ѡО оO oО оO oО оО о
Щ щЩ щЩ щЩ щШт штЩ щШt шtШt шt
Ц цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ ц
Ч чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ ч
Ш шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ ш
Ъ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъ
Ы ыꙞ ꙟ
Ѫ ѫ

Ѫ ѫ
Ꙟ ꙟꙞ ꙟ / Î î Ꙟ ꙟ
Ѫ ѫ
Î îÎ î
Ѣ ѣѢ ѣѢ ѣEa eaEа εа Ea eaEa eaEa ea
Ю юЮ юIꙊ iꙋ IȢ Iȣ iȣ IȢ Iȣ іȣ IȢ iȣIȢ iȣ ĬȢ ĭȣ
Ꙗ ꙗ
Ѧ ѧ
Ꙗ ꙗꙖ Iа ꙗIА Iа ꙗIa iaĬa ĭaĬa ĭa
Ѥ ѥЙє йєĬe ĭeĬe ĭeĬε ĭεIe ieĬe ĭeĬe ĭe
Ѧ ѧꙖ ꙗ
Ѧ ѧ
Ꙗ ꙗꙖ Iа ꙗIА Iа ꙗIa iaĬa ĭaĬa ĭa
Ѫ ѫꙞ ꙟ
Ѫ ѫ
Ꙟ ꙟ
Ѫ ѫ
Ꙟ ꙟꙞ ꙟ / Î î Ꙟ ꙟ
Ѫ ѫ
Î îÎ î
Ѯ ѯКс ксКс ксKs ksКс ксКс ксKs ksKs ks
Ѱ ѱПс псПс псПs пsПс псПс псПs пsПs пs
Ѳ ѳТ тТ тT tѲ ѳТ тT tT t
Ѵ ѵИ, ꙊI, ꙊI, ȣІ, ȣІ, ȣI, ȣI, ȣ
Ꙟ ꙟꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞɴ ꙟɴ Ꙟм ꙟмꙞn ꙟn Ꙟm ꙟmÎn în Îm îmÎn în Îm îm
Џ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џ

Example of Romanian Cyrillic text

According to a document from the 1850s, this is how the Romanian Lord's Prayer looked in Cyrillic script. Transcriptional values correspond to the above table.
Та́тъль нѡ́стрꙋTatăl nostru



Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceriuri, sfințească-se numele tău:

Vie împărăția ta: Fie voia ta, pre cum în ceriu, și pre pământ.

Pâinea noastră, cea de toate zilele, dăneo noua astăzi.

Și ne iartă noua datoriile noastre,

pre cum și noi iertăm datornicilor noștri.

Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită. Ci ne izbăveaște de cel rău.

Că ata iaste împărăția, și Putearea, și mărirea în veaci, amin.