Ri Ye Youshen
Ri Ye Youshen are a pair of deities in Chinese folk religion and Taoism. They are the Day Wandering Deity and the Night Wandering Deity, who were originally depicted as malevolent spirits roaming the world. Over time, their roles evolved, and they became subordinates of major underworld deities such as the Dongyue Dadi, Yanluo Wang, and the City God.
Roles
The Day and Night Wandering Deities are tasked with supervising the moral conduct of humans during the day and night, respectively. They observe and record the good and evil deeds of individuals, reporting their findings to the higher underworld authorities. This function aligns them with the broader Chinese cosmological belief in divine justice and the afterlife, where human actions are judged and rewarded or punished accordingly.Day Wandering Deity
The concept of the Day Wandering Deity can be traced back to ancient Chinese beliefs in spirits and deities that influenced human fate. In early folklore, the deity was feared as a harbinger of bad luck, and people took precautions to avoid crossing its path. This belief is reflected in the Yuan dynasty play The Story of the Peach Blossom Girl by Wang Ye, in which a character warns, "Today, as she left the house, she encountered the Day Wandering Deity; even if she does not die, she will surely return injured."Night Wandering Deity
The Classic of Mountains and Seas, in the chapter Classic of the Regions Beyond the South, mentions: "There are sixteen divine beings, linked arm in arm, who serve the Emperor by overseeing the night in the wilderness." This passage is believed to refer to the early depiction of the Night Wandering Deities, who were originally sixteen in number. Over time, this concept evolved, and the sixteen deities were consolidated into a single figure.According to folk legends, if a mortal sees the Night Wandering Deity, it is considered an ominous sign. In the Qing dynasty work Strange Tales from the Tea-Drinking Studio by Li Qingchen, there is a story about a man named Wang who, one night, saw a giant figure three zhang tall. The giant smiled and said, "I am the Night Wandering Deity," before disappearing. A few days later, Wang died without any apparent illness. This tale reflects the belief that encountering the Night Wandering Deity foretells misfortune or death.