Revelation 16
Revelation 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate. This chapter describes the seven bowls, vials or phials of God's wrath, poured out on the wicked and the followers of the Antichrist after the sounding of the seven trumpets, on the command of "a loud voice from the temple" heard by the author.
Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are among others:- Papyrus 47
- Codex Sinaiticus
- Codex Alexandrinus
- Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
- Papyrus 43
Old Testament references
- :
New Testament references
- :
The seven bowls (16:1–21)
Verse 1
- "From the temple": from the words in, "from the temple", or "from the sanctuary", do not appear in some ancient versions, and Tischendorf omitted them from his critical edition. German Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer argues that the inclusion of these words "is guaranteed by A, C, א, and some other manuscripts, "and is entirely suitable".
The fourth bowl (16:8–9)
Verse 8
- "Men": from in generic use refers to 'both men and women'.
Verse 9
- "Men": from in generic use refers to 'both men and women'.
The sixth bowl (16:12–16)
Verse 12
- "From the east": translated from the Greek phrase with literal meaning "from the rising of the sun" here in the sense of 'a geographical direction'.
Verse 16
- "Armageddon": identified with Har-megiddo, "the mountain of Megiddo", which may refer to 'the slaying of Josiah in the valley of Megiddo', which 'became proverbial for any great sorrow' or 'to the slaughter of Sisera's army at the waters of Megiddo', by Barak,.