Regular p-group

In mathematical finite group theory, the concept of regular p-group captures some of the more important properties of abelian p-groups, but is general enough to include most "small" p-groups. Regular p-groups were introduced by.

Definition

A finite p-group G is said to be regular if any of the following equivalent, conditions are satisfied:

For every a, b in G, there is a c in the derived subgroup of the subgroup H of G generated by a and b, such that a^p · b^p = ^p · c^p.
For every a, b in G, there are elements c_i in the derived subgroup of the subgroup generated by a and b, such that a^p · b^p = ^p · c₁^p ⋯ c_k^p.
For every a, b in G and every positive integer n, there are elements c_i in the derived subgroup of the subgroup generated by a and b such that a^q · b^q = ^q · c₁^q ⋯ c_k^q, where q = pⁿ.

Examples

Many familiar p-groups are regular:

Every abelian p-group is regular.
Every p-group of nilpotency class strictly less than p is regular. This follows from the Hall–Petresco identity.
Every p-group of order at most p^p is regular.
Every finite group of exponent p is regular.

However, many familiar p-groups are not regular:

Every nonabelian 2-group is irregular.
The Sylow p-subgroup of the symmetric group on p² points is irregular and of order p^p+1.

Properties

A p-group is regular if and only if every subgroup generated by two elements is regular.
Every subgroup and quotient group of a regular group is regular, but the direct product of regular groups need not be regular.
A 2-group is regular if and only if it is abelian. A 3-group with two generators is regular if and only if its derived subgroup is cyclic. Every p-group of odd order with cyclic derived subgroup is regular.
The subgroup of a p-group G generated by the elements of order dividing p^k is denoted Ω_k(G) and regular groups are well-behaved in that Ω_k is precisely the set of elements of order dividing p^k. The subgroup generated by all p^k-th powers of elements in G is denoted ℧_k(G). In a regular group, the index is equal to the order of Ω_k. In fact, commutators and powers interact in particularly simple ways. For example, given normal subgroups M and N of a regular p-group G and nonnegative integers m and n, one has = ℧_m+''n.

Philip Hall's criteria of regularity of a p''-group G: G is regular, if one of the following hold:
# <; p^p
# [:℧₁| < p^p−1
# |Ω₁| < p^p−1

Generalizations

Powerful p-group
power closed p-group