Rebecca Wright Bonsal
Rebecca McPherson Wright Bonsal was an American Quaker teacher who was fired for her Unionist loyalty. She delivered important intelligence to the Union Army during the American Civil War, which helped Union Generals Philip Sheridan and George Crook defeat Confederate General Jubal Early in the crucial Third Battle of Winchester in September, 1864.
However, the retaliation she feared from Confederate sympathizers in Winchester, proved well-founded. After Wright wore a brooch given to her by General Sheridan in early 1867, her Confederate-sympathizing sister told a reporter its provenance. The resulting newspaper article led to social ostracism of Rebecca Wright and a boycott of the boarding house her mother ran with her daughters' help, and forced them to move to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Denied a soldier's pension because of her sex despite the efforts of Congressman Thaddeus Stevens and General Sheridan, eventually Wright accepted a clerical job at the U.S. Treasury Department and moved to Washington, D.C., where she married a Union veteran, and worked until shortly before her death.
Early life
Rebecca Wright was the oldest surviving child of furniture manufacturer Amos Wright and his wife Rachel. The Wright family were members of the Hopewell Meeting and thus did not own slaves. Young Rebecca was educated in Winchester, as well as for a year at the Friends School in nearby Loudoun County run by Samuel Janney. During the 1850 federal census, the family included three younger brothers and a young sister, By 1860, the older boys no longer resided with them. The Wright household in 1860 only included Amos, his wife, daughters, son John and a domestic servant, as well as two other families.American Civil War
Rebecca Wright began teaching children when she was 15 years old, and during the three years before the American Civil War taught at the Hopewell Meeting's school, as well as assisted at Powell's Academy. Winchester changed hands 75 times in the four wartime years, including as a result of three major battles which occurred nearby. However, most townspeople sympathized with the Confederacy. In March 1862, Confederate troops arrested her father Amos and brought him into town, along with Smith Gilkeson and Jason Rea, and some feared they would be lynched. Amos Wright may have died in a Confederate prison in 1864. His wife and daughters lived on Fort Hill in Winchester; Hannah Wright had Confederate sympathies.On September 16, 1864, General Sheridan sent Tom Laws, an elderly black slave from Millwood, Virginia who had a Confederate permit to sell produce in Winchester three days a week, to contact the fired schoolteacher at her Winchester home. She conveyed information about General Early's forces which a Confederate officer had publicly bragged about the previous day, namely that Confederate infantry and artillery battalions had left town.
Acting on that information, Sheridan engaged Early's forces near Opequon Creek in which proved to be the second bloodiest battle in the Shenandoah Valley. By the sunset on September 19, 1864, Early's army had been routed: of 14,500 Confederate troops, 2,000 had been killed or wounded, 1800 men were missing and three important brigade commanders had been killed. Union forces suffered over 5,000 casualties, but those 40,000 troops could only fail to account for 500 men.
Generals Sheridan and Crook attempted to thank Wright for her assistance after the victory, but she urged confidentiality, fearing retaliation. General Sheridan would pursue Early's retreating army, and again defeat it at Fisher's Hill on September 22, and yet again, even more bloodily, at the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19. By mid-November the Winchester and Potomac Railroad had resumed service from Harper's Ferry to Stephenson's Depot, allowing the Federals a secure supply line, and Winchester had become the Union army's winter quarters would not again change hands.