Qinling
The Qinling or Qin Mountains, formerly known as the Nanshan, are a major east–west mountain range in southern Shaanxi Province, China. The mountains mark the divide between the drainage basins of the Yangtze and Yellow River systems, providing a natural boundary between North and South China and support a huge variety of plant and wildlife, some of which is found nowhere else on earth.
To the north is the densely populated Wei River valley, an ancient center of Chinese civilization. To the south is the Han River valley. To the west is the line of mountains along the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. To the east are the lower Funiu and Daba Mountains, which rise out of the coastal plain.
The northern side of the range is prone to hot weather, the rain shadow cast by the physical barrier of the mountains dictating that the land to the north has a semi-arid climate, and is consequently somewhat impoverished in regard to fertility and species diversity. Furthermore, the mountains have also acted in the past as a natural defense against nomadic invasions from the north, as only four passes cross the mountains. In the late 1990s a railway tunnel and a spiral were completed, thereby easing travel across the range.
The highest mountain in the range is Mount Taibai at, which is about west of the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an. Three culturally significant peaks in the range are Mount Hua, Mount Li, and Mount Maiji.
Environment, flora and fauna
The environment of the Qin Mountains is a deciduous forest ecoregion.The Qin Mountains form the watershed of the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins; historically, the former was home to deciduous broadleaf forests, while the latter has milder winters with more rainfall, and was generally covered in warmer, temperate, evergreen broadleaf forests. Thus, the Qin Mountains are commonly used as the demarcation line between northern and southern China.
The low-elevation forests of the Qin foothills are dominated by temperate deciduous trees, like oaks, elm, common walnut, maple, ash and Celtis spp. Evergreen species of these low-elevation forests include broadleaf chinquapins, ring-cupped oaks, and conifers, like Pinus massoniana.
At the middle elevations, conifers, like Pinus armandii, are mixed with broadleaf birch, oaks, and hornbeams ; from about, these mid-elevation forests give way to a subalpine forest of firs, Cunninghamia, and birch, with rhododendrons abundant in the understory.
The region is home to a large number of rare plants, of which around 3,000 have been documented. Plant and tree species native to the region include ginkgo, as well as Huashan or Armand pine, Huashan shen, Acer miaotaiense and Chinese fir. Timber harvesting reached a peak in the 18th century in the Qinling Mountains.
The region is home to the endemic Qinling panda, a brown-and-white subspecies of the giant panda, which is protected with the help of the Changqing and Foping nature reserves. An estimated 250 to 280 pandas live in the region, which is thought to represent around one-fifth of the entire wild giant panda population. The Qinling Mountains are also home to many other species of wildlife, including numerous birds, like the crested ibis, Temminck's tragopan, golden eagle, black throat and golden pheasants, as well as mammals like the Asiatic golden cat, Asiatic black bear, clouded leopard, golden takin, golden snub-nosed monkey, yellow-throated marten, and leopard.
The Chinese giant salamander, at, is one of the largest amphibians in the world, and is critically endangered; it is locally pursued for food, and for use of its body parts in traditional Chinese medicine. An environmental education program is being undertaken to encourage sustainable management of wild populations in the Qin Mountains, and captive-breeding programs have also been set up.