Kara Del


Kara Del or Qara Del was a kingdom that existed in Kumul or Hami, in present-day Xinjiang. It was founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in the late 14th century, and ruled by the Chagatayids thereafter until 1463. From 1380s, it began to pay tribute to the Ming dynasty. From 1406, it was governed by Ming under the "Hami Guard" ; however, sometimes it was still under the influence of the Northern Yuan, and the ruler was called the Obedient King under the Jimi system. It was destroyed in 1513 as a result of the wars between the Ming dynasty and the Oirats, as well as dynastic succession struggles.

History

In 1389, the Buddhist Chagataid prince Gunashiri broke away from the Northern Yuan dynasty, which had fallen under the reign of Jorightu Khan Yesüder, an Arig-Bokid prince. He established himself in Qamil by 1390 and ruled over a Uyghur population. The next year, the Ming dynasty occupied his territory and forced him to submit, although he remained in control of his territory.
In 1404, Gunashiri's successor Engke Temiir accepted the establishment of a Ming guard and became Hami Prefecture. However the Ming did not directly govern Hami or collect taxes. Engke Temiir was granted the title Zhongshunwang by the Ming court. During the 1430s, Kara Del submitted to the Oirats. The Uyghurs of Hami came into regular contact with Mongols in southwestern Inner Mongolia. Several Uyghur chiefs became major leaders of the western Mongols, leading to the spread of Uyghurjin as a clan name in the Ordos area.
In 1446, disturbances broke out in Hami. Ming forces under Ren Li occupied the city and deported 1,230 people to the east of Jiayuguan.
In 1463 the khan was overthrown by a pro-Mongol faction and a serious succession crisis ensued. From 1467, the Ming emperors repeatedly reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the situation in Hami never stabilized. Hami was conquered by Mansur Khan, the ruler of Moghulistan in 1513. Kara Del officially converted to Islam in 1513.
It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat by Mansur Khan following 1516. After the islamization of Kara Del, Uyghur fell into disuse until the 20th century, except as a local term for Muslim Turks in Hami and Turpan. In 1923, Uyghur was revived again as a general designation for Xinjiang's Tarim Basin oasis dwellers.

Culture

Buddhism survived in Uyghurstan during the Ming dynasty.

List of rulers of Kara Del

According to Japanese Wikipedia :
  • Unaširi
  • Engke Temür
  • Toqto
  • Manglī Temür
  • Budaširi . He was rivalled firstly Toγon Temür and Toqto Temür , the son of rival.
  • Khalīl sulṭān
  • Bürege
  • Nugandaširi, queen mother
Rivalry between Nugandaširi and Baγ Temür
  • Qanšin
  • Engke Bolad and
  • Šamba and
  • Beyazıt