Thaspium trifoliatum


Thaspium trifoliatum, commonly called meadow-parsnip or purple meadow-parsnip is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family. It is native to eastern North America where it is found in many eastern U.S states and in Ontario, Canada. It has a broad natural habitat, which includes mesic to dry forests and woodlands, prairies, bluffs, and rock outcrops.

Description

Thaspium trifoliatum is an herbaceous perennial growing tall. It has a few basal leaves that are about across and heart-shaped. Stem leaves are alternate and trifoliate, with 3 lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate leaflets measuring long. The leaflets are finely serrate with a notably white-translucent margin.
The inflorescence is a compound, flat umbel with very small flowers at the end of the upper stems. The flower at the center of the umbel is slightly higher than the others. Each umbel is across. The flowers are golden yellow or dark maroon, produced in mid to late spring.
The yellow-flowered variety of Thaspium trifoliatum bears a striking resemblance to Zizia aptera, with which it is frequently misidentified when not in fruit. Thaspium trifoliatum can be distinguished by its glabrous stem internodes, and pedicelled central umbellet flower. Maroon-flowered populations are more easily recognized as Zizia aptera is strictly yellow.

Taxonomy

Two varieties have often been recognized. However, some botanists have expressed uncertainty on which characters should be used to distinguish them, or even if they should be taxonomically recognized at all. The most widely used differentiation is based on solely flower color:Thaspium trifoliatum var. aureum Flowers yellow. Widespread throughout much of eastern North America.Thaspium trifoliatum var. trifoliatum Flowers maroon. Found primarily from the Appalachian Mountains eastward, with disjunct populations westward in the Ozark Mountains.

Ecology

T. trifoliatum is a food source for caterpillars of the black swallowtail and Ozark swallowtail butterflies.