Pudong

Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name Pudong was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic city center. It now refers to the broader Pudong New Area, a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea.
The traditional area of Pudong is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center, and the Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi's historic Bund, a remnant of former foreign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes the Port of Shanghai, the Shanghai Expo and Century Park, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Nanhui New City, and the Shanghai Disney Resort.

History

Pudong—literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai's Old City and foreign concessions. The area was mainly farmland and only slowly developed, with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts of Puxi on the west bank: Huangpu, Yangpu, and Nanshi. Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 when the county was split among Huangpu, Yangpu, Nanshi, Wusong and Chuansha County.
Premier Li Peng announced the policy of Pudong's opening and development on April 18, 1990. Speaking at a celebration for the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai Volkswagen Corporation, Li stated that "some policies of the economic and technological zones and Special Economic Zones can be implemented in the Pudong area". Li stated that future investors from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were welcomed and that China would provide preferential conditions for cooperation and improve the investment environment. The occasion is often described as Pudong's "birthday". Nonetheless, development in the area was slow for the rest of 1990.
On October 1, 1992, the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area.
In 1993, the Chinese government set up a Special Economic Zone in Chuansha, creating the Pudong New Area. Deng Xiaoping had initiated its development three years earlier to build further confidence in Reform and Opening Up. Pudong's description as a New Area served to distinguish it from existing SEZs. It had even more open policies than existing SEZs, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment and developing the local economy.
The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed, including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and the supertall Jin Mao Building, Shanghai World Financial Center and Shanghai Tower, the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most common skyline of Shanghai.
In official discourses on urbanization in China, Pudong is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization.
On May 6, 2009, it was disclosed that the State Council had approved the proposal to merge Nanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010, Pudong was host to the main venues of the Shanghai Expo, whose grounds now form a public park.
Pudong New Area consists of the original Pudong County, Chuansha County, and Nanhui County.

Climate

Pudong has a humid subtropical climate, influenced by monsoons and Siberian winds as well as rains and typhoons from the Pacific. The average annual temperature in Pudong is. The temperatures are highest on average in July and August, at around, and lowest in January, at around.

Government

of the Direct-Controlled Municipality of Shanghai are administratively on the same level as prefecture-level cities. However, the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of a sub-provincial city, which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of the district, followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the Shanghai Party Standing Committee.
On April 27, 2015, the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee.

Demographics

Pudong is bounded by the Huangpu River in the west and the East China Sea in the east. Pudong is distinguished from Puxi, the older part of Shanghai. It has an area of and, according to the 2020 census, a population of 5,681,512 inhabitants, accounting for around 22.8 percent of Shanghai and 1.85 million more than in 2010. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2020 census shows an 8% increase in the last decade, or an annual pace of 0.8%.
Excluding immigrants, the birth rate in 2010 was 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729, resulting a net growth of 0.077%. The total fertility rate is 1.03, well below the replacement level. The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded, thus the growth is purely driven by immigration.
The 2020 census shows a population density of 3,006/km². About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density, while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km². Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in the traditional city center saw a population decrease.

Subdistricts and towns

Name	Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Shanghainese Romanization	Population	Area
Weifang Xincun Subdistrict	潍坊新村街道	Wéifāng Xīncūn Jiēdào	vij vaon sin tsen ka do	100,548	3.89
Lujiazui Subdistrict	陆家嘴街道	Lùjiāzuǐ Jiēdào	loq ka tzyu ka do	112,507	6.89
Zhoujiadu Subdistrict	周家渡街道	Zhōujiādù Jiēdào	tzoe ka du ka do	144,668	5.52
Tangqiao Subdistrict	塘桥街道	Tángqiáo Jiēdào	daon djio ka do	76,916	3.86
Shanggang Xincun Subdistrict	上钢新村街道	Shànggāng Xīncūn Jiēdào	zaon kaon sin tsen ka do	104,932	7.54
Nanmatou Road Subdistrict	南码头路街道	Nánmǎtóulù Jiēdào	neu mau doe lu ka do	107,130	4.22
Hudong Xincun Subdistrict	沪东新村街道	Hùdōng Xīncūn Jiēdào	wu ton sin tsen ka do	112,031	5.51
Jinyang Xincun Subdistrict	金杨新村街道	Jīnyáng Xīncūn Jiēdào	cin yan sin tsen ka do	206,017	8.02
Yangjing Subdistrict	洋泾街道	Yángjīng Jiēdào	yan cin ka do	146,237	7.38
Puxing Road Subdistrict	浦兴路街道	Pǔxìnglù Jiēdào	phu xin lu ka do	177,468	6.25
Dongming Road Subdistrict	东明路街道	Dōngmínglù Jiēdào	ton min lu ka do	121,449	5.95
Huamu Subdistrict	花木街道	Huāmù Jiēdào	hau moq ka do	221,327	20.93
Chuanshaxin Town*	川沙新镇	Chuānshāxīn Zhèn	tseu sa sau sin tzen	420,045	148.05
Gaoqiao town	高桥镇	Gāoqiáo Zhèn	ko djio tzen	184,486	38.73
Beicai town	北蔡镇	Běicài Zhèn	poq tsa tzen	276,547	24.91
Heqing town	合庆镇	Héqìng Zhèn	req chin tzen	132,038	41.97
Tang town	唐镇	Tángzhèn	daon tzen	129,267	32.16
Caolu town	曹路镇	Cáolù Zhèn	dzo lu tzen	186,012	45.58
Jinqiao town	金桥镇	Jīnqiáo Zhèn	cin djio tzen	81,537	25.28
Gaohang town	高行镇	Gāoháng Zhèn	ko raon tzen	137,625	22.85
Gaodong town	高东镇	Gāodōng Zhèn	ko ton tzen	110,552	36.24
Zhangjiang town	张江镇	Zhāngjiāng Zhèn	tzan kaon tzen	165,297	42.10
Sanlin town	三林镇	Sānlín Zhèn	se lin tzen	360,516	34.19
Huinan town	惠南镇	Huìnán Zhèn	we neu tzen	213,845	65.24
Zhoupu town	周浦镇	Zhōupǔ Zhèn	tzoe phu tzen	147,329	42.60
Xinchang town	新场镇	Xīnchǎng Zhèn	sin dzan tzen	84,183	54.30
Datuan Town	大团镇	Dàtuán Zhèn	da deu tzen	71,162	50.45
Kangqiao town	康桥镇	Kāngqiáo Zhèn	khaon djio tzen	174,672	41.25
Hangtou town	航头镇	Hángtóu Zhèn	raon doe tzen	110,060	60.40
Zhuqiao town	祝桥镇	Zhùqiáo Zhèn	tzoq djio tzen	104,945	146.28
Nicheng town	泥城镇	Níchéng Zhèn	gnij zen tzen	62,519	61.50
Xuanqiao town	宣桥镇	Xuānqiáo Zhèn	si djio tzen	59,567	45.78
Shuyuan town	书院镇	Shūyuàn Zhèn	syu yeu tzen	59,323	66.90
Wanxiang Town	万祥镇	Wànxiáng Zhèn	ve zian tzen	24,346	23.35
Laogang town	老港镇	Lǎogǎng Zhèn	lo kaon tzen	37,408	38.90
Nanhui Xincheng Town**	南汇新城镇	Nánhuì Xīnchéng Zhèn	neu we sin zen tzen	47,381	67.76
Luchaogang Farm	芦潮港农场	Lúcháogǎng Nóngchǎng	lu dzo kaon non dzan	688	9.40
Donghai Farm	东海农场	Dōnghǎi Nóngchǎng	ton he non dzan	508	15.20
Chaoyang Farm	朝阳农场	Cháoyáng Nóngchǎng	dzo yan non dzan	862	10.67
Waigaoqiao Free-trade Zone	外高桥保税区	Wàigāoqiáo Bǎoshuìqū	nga ko djio po seu chiu	1,349	10.00
Jinqiao Export Processing Zone	金桥经济技术开发区	Jīnqiáo Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū	cin djio cin tzij djij dzeq khe faq chiu	5,514	67.79
Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park	张江高科技园区	Zhāngjiāng Gāo Kējì Yuánqū	tzan kaon ko khu djij yeu chiu	23,617	75.90

* – Liuzao town merged into Chuanshaxin town.
** – Luchaogang town and Shengang Subdistrict merged and form Nanhui Xincheng town.