Protoreaster nodosus
Protoreaster nodosus, commonly known as the horned sea star or chocolate chip sea star, is a species of sea star found in the warm, shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region. They are sometimes seen in the marine aquarium trade or dried and sold as curios.
Description
[Image:Horned Starfish Macro.JPG|thumb|Dried specimen]Image:Starfish in lagoon on Pom Pom Island, Celebes resort, Sabah.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|A group of knobby sea stars in Malaysia
Image:Dried Star Fish.jpg|thumb|Dried sea stars for touristic trade in Philippines
P. nodosus possess rows of spines or "horns"; black conical points arranged in a single row, radially on the dorsal side, which may erode and become blunt. These dark protrusions can intimidate possible predators by looking frightening or dangerous. On the ventral side, tube feet, purple in color, are arranged in rows on each arm. Most horned sea stars found are a roughly rigid five-pointed star-shape with tapering arms to the end, although there are anomalies like four or six-armed specimens; they may grow up to in diameter. The sea stars are usually colored in shades of red or brown, but can be light tan, resembling the color of cookie dough. This coloration, combined with the small horns on its dorsal side, give the sea star an appearance similar to a chocolate chip cookie.
Habitat and behavior
Horned sea stars prefer sheltered, sandy or slightly muddy bottoms to hard substrata such as coral reef, and are frequently sighted conspicuously between the leaves of seagrasses on sea grass meadows or on blank stretches of coral sand. Field studies suggest the species could be restricted to the western Pacific Ocean. In shallow water, this species can be seen intertidally, occasionally exposed to the low tide. They do not withstand rapid changes well, and usually keep themselves underwater. Many individuals of this species can be seen gathering on soft ocean bottoms. While the cause is mostly unknown, it is thought to likely increase the chance of fertilization when spawning, or is simply a suitable feeding ground.Horned sea stars are opportunistic carnivores; adults are known to prey on most sessile life forms including hard corals and sponges in an aquarium. In this same environment, they will hunt down snails for food. An individual horned sea star has been observed eating a sea urchin in their natural habitat.
As with other tropical echinoderms, commensal animals like shrimps, tiny brittle stars and even juvenile filefish can be found on the surface of a horned sea star. This may be attributed to its protective nature, as the horned sea star has few predators.