Proto-Iroquoian language
Proto-Iroquoian is the theoretical proto-language of the Iroquoian languages. Lounsbury estimated from glottochronology a time depth of 3,500 to 3,800 years for the split of North and South Iroquoian.
At the time of early European contact, French explorers in the 16th century encountered villages along the St. Lawrence River, now associated with the St. Lawrence Iroquoian. Other better known northern tribes took over their territory and displaced them, and were later encountered by more French, European and English colonists. These tribes included the Huron and Neutral in modern-day Ontario, first encountered by French explorers and traders; the Five Nations of the Iroquois League in Upstate New York and Pennsylvania, and the Erie Nation and Susquehannock peoples in Pennsylvania.
Southern speakers of Iroquoian languages ranged from the Cherokee in the Great Smoky Mountains, to the Tuscarora and Nottoway in the interior near the modern Virginia/North Carolina border.
Subdivisions
The Iroquoian languages are usually divided into two main groups: Southern Iroquoian and Northern Iroquoian based on the great differences in vocabulary and modern phonology. Northern Iroquoian is further divided by Lounsbury and Mithun into Proto-Tuscarora-Nottoway and Lake Iroquoian. Julian does not believe Lake Iroquoian to be a valid subgrouping.History of studies
Isolated studies were done by Chafe, Michelson, and Rudes. There have also been several works of internal reconstruction for daughter languages, in particular Seneca and Mohawk. A preliminary full reconstruction of Proto-Iroquoian was not provided until Charles Julian's work.Phonology
Proto-Iroquoian as reconstructed shares the Iroquoian languages' notable typological traits of small consonant inventories, complex consonant clusters, and a lack of labial consonants.Vowels
The reconstructed vowel inventory for Proto-Iroquoian is:| Front | Central | Back | |
| Close | |||
| Mid | |||
| Open |
Like later Iroquoian languages, Proto-Iroquoian is distinguished in having nasal vowels and, although it has more than in its daughter languages.
Consonants
The reconstructed consonant inventory for Proto-Iroquoian is given in the table below. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages pattern so that they may be grouped as obstruents, sibilants, laryngeals, and resonants.| Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
| Plosive | ||||
| Affricate | ||||
| Fricative | ||||
| Nasal | ||||
| Approximant |
Morphology
Reconstructed functional morphemes from Julian :| No. | Gloss | Proto-Iroquoian | Proto-Northern Iroquoian |
| 1 | 'negative' | *teʔ | |
| 2 | 'coincident' | *ts | |
| 3 | 'contrastive' | *thi | |
| 4 | 'partitive' | *ijiː | |
| 5 | 'translocative' | *wi | |
| 6 | 'factual' | *waʔ | |
| 7 | 'duplicative' | *teː | |
| 8 | 'future' | *ẽː | |
| 9 | 'optative' | *aɹa | |
| 10 | 'cislocative' | *t | |
| 11 | 'repetitive' | *ts | |
| 12 | 'non-singular animate' | *ka | |
| 13 | '1:2.SG' | *kõː | |
| 14 | '1:2.DU' | *kni | |
| 15 | '1:2.PL' | *kwa | |
| 16 | '2:1.SG' | *hskʷi | |
| 17 | '2:1.DU' | *hskniː | |
| 18 | '2:1.PL' | *hskʷ… | |
| 19 | '1SG:3' | *ki | |
| 20 | 1SG:3A' | *kiji | |
| 21 | '1SG:3M' | *he or *hɹi | |
| 22 | '2SG:3' | *hsi | |
| 23 | 2SG:3A' | *hsiji | |
| 24 | '2SG:3M' | *hehse | |
| 25 | '3:1SG' | *wakʷi | |
| 26 | 3A:1SG' | *jõːkʷi | |
| 27 | '3M:1SG' | *hɹake | |
| 28 | '3:2SG' | *tsa | |
| 29 | 3A:2SG' | *jeːtsa | |
| 30 | '3M:2SG' | *hja | |
| 31 | '2DU&3' | *tsniː | |
| 32 | '2DU&3M' | *hshetsni | |
| 33 | '2PL&3' | *ts… | |
| 34 | '2PL&3M' | *hshetswa | |
| 35 | '2NS&3I' | *jetshi | |
| 36 | '1+2DU:3' | *tniː | |
| 37 | '1+2DU:3M' | *hshetni | |
| 38 | '1+2PL:3' | *t… | |
| 39 | '1+2PL:3M' | *hshetwa | |
| 40 | '1+3DU:3' | *jakni | |
| 41 | '1+3DU:3M' | *hshakni | |
| 42 | '1+3PL:3' | *jakwa | |
| 43 | '1+3PL:3M' | *hshakwa | |
| 44 | '3:1DU' | *kniː | |
| 45 | '3M:1DU' | *hshõkni | |
| 46 | '3:1PL' | *kʷ… | |
| 47 | '3M:1PL' | *hshõkwa | |
| 48 | '1+2NS:3I' | *jethi | |
| 49 | 1+3NS:3I' | *jakhi | |
| 50 | 3I:1NS' | *jõkhi | |
| 51 | '3SG:3' | *ka | |
| 52 | '3SG:3' | *wa | |
| 53 | '3SGM:3' | *hɹa | |
| 54 | '3:3SG' | *juː | |
| 55 | '3:3SGM' | *hɹo | |
| 56 | '3DU:3' | *kni | |
| 57 | '3DUM:3' | *hni | |
| 58 | 3NS:3' | *wantiː | |
| 59 | '3PL:3' | *kõti | |
| 60 | '3PLM:3' | *hɹati | |
| 61 | '3:3NS' | *juːntiː | |
| 62 | '3:3NSM' | *hɹoti | |
| 63 | '3I:3' | *je | |
| 64 | '3:3I' | *jako | |
| 65 | '3SGM:3I' | *hshako | |
| 66 | 3A:3SGA' | *kõːwa | |
| 67 | '3I:3SGM' | *hɹõwa | |
| 68 | 3A:3NSA' | *kõːwantiː | |
| 69 | '3I:3NSM' | *hɹõwati | |
| 70 | '3NS:3I' | *jakoti | |
| 71 | '3NSM:3I' | *hshakoti | |
| 72 | '2:1.SG.IMP' | *take | |
| 73 | '2:1.DU.IMP' | *takni | |
| 74 | '1:2.PL.IMP' | *takwa | |
| 75 | '2SG:3.IMP' | *tse | |
| 76 | 'reflexive' | *ataːt | |
| 77 | 'semireflexive' | *at | |
| 78 | 'semireflexive' | *aɹ | |
| 79 | 'joiner vowel' | *a | |
| 80 | 'nominalizer' | *hsɹ | |
| 81 | 'nominalizer' | *ʔtshɹ | |
| 82 | 'causative-instrumental' | *t | |
| 83 | 'causative-instrumental' | *hst | |
| 84 | 'instrumental' | *hkw | |
| 85 | 'reversive' | *kʷ | |
| 86 | 'reversive' | *hsj | |
| 87 | 'inchoative' | *ʔ | |
| 88 | 'dative-benefactive' | *ts | |
| 89 | 'dative-benefactive' | *ẽ | |
| 90 | 'dative-benefactive' | *ni | |
| 91 | 'dislocative' | *n | |
| 92 | 'dislocative' | *h | |
| 93 | 'dislocative' | *ts | |
| 94 | 'dislocative' | *tsɹ | |
| 95 | 'dislocative' | *ɹ | |
| 96 | 'distributive' | *njõː | |
| 97 | 'distributive' | *nõː | |
| 98 | 'distributive' | *hõː | |
| 99 | 'distributive' | *õː | |
| 100 | 'distributive' | *ɹõː | |
| 101 | 'distributive' | *ɹjõː | |
| 102 | 'distributive' | *tsõː | |
| 103 | 'distributive' | *tsɹõː | |
| 104 | 'progressive' | *tjeʔ | |
| 105 | 'present suffix' | *hs | |
| 106 | 'present suffix' | *ts | |
| 107 | 'present suffix' | *haʔ | |
| 108 | 'present suffix' | *h | |
| 109 | 'imperfective suffix' | *hsk | |
| 110 | 'past habitual suffix' | *kʷ | |
| 111 | 'punctual suffix' | *ʔ | |
| 112 | 'punctual suffix' | *ẽʔ | |
| 113 | 'punctual suffix' | *Ø | |
| 114 | 'punctual suffix' | *n | |
| 115 | 'perfect suffix' | *õh | |
| 116 | 'perfect suffix' | *ẽh | |
| 117 | 'perfect suffix' | *Ø | |
| 118 | 'perfect suffix' | *eʔ | |
| 119 | 'perfect suffix' | *ih | |
| 120 | 'past perfect suffix' | *n | |
| 121 | 'facilitative suffix' | *nskõːh | |
| 122 | 'modalizer suffix' | *k | |
| 123 | 'noun suffix' | *aʔ | |
| 124 | 'authenticative suffix' | *õweh | |
| 125 | 'characterizer suffix' | *haːʔ | |
| 126 | 'decessive suffix' | *kẽh | |
| 127 | 'intensifier suffix' | *tsih | |
| 128 | 'locative suffix' | *keh | |
| 129 | 'populative suffix' | *ɹonõʔ | |
| 130 | 'populative suffix' | *kaːʔ |
Lexicon
Reconstructed lexical roots and particles from Julian :| No. | Gloss | Proto-Iroquoian | Proto-Northern Iroquoian | Proto-Mohawk- Oneida | Huron |
| 131 | 'path, road, trail' | *-ah-, *-hah- | |||
| 132 | 'be bad, be ugly, be useless' | *-hetkẽʔ | |||
| 133 | 'be salty, be sour' | *-ahjoʔtsihs, *-oʔtsihst- | |||
| 134 | 'bark, wood, wood chips' | *-ahkaɹ- | |||
| 135 | 'be ten' | *-ahnshẽːh | |||
| 136 | 'ear' | *-hõht- | |||
| 137 | 'count' | *-hɹaːt- | |||
| 138 | 'hear, speak a language, understand' | *-ahɹõk- | |||
| 139 | 'foot' | *-aːhs-, *-aːhsiʔt- | |||
| 140 | 'three' | *ahsẽh | |||
| 141 | 'string' | *ahsɹijeʔ | |||
| 142 | 'shoe' | *-ahtahkʷ-, *ahtaʔ | |||
| 143 | 'be forbidden, be prohibited, be strict, be taboo' | *-ahtjawẽɹeʔ | |||
| 144 | 'abandon, give up, leave behind, let go, quit, release' | *-ahtkaʔw- | |||
| 145 | 'disappear, vanish' | *-ahtõ-, *-ahtõʔ- | |||
| 146 | 'hide' | *-ahtseht- | |||
| 147 | 'argue for, compete for, contend for, fight for' | *-ahtskehnh- | |||
| 148 | 'not yet, still' | *ahtsõh, *atsõh | |||
| 149 | 'night' | *-ahtsõːh- | |||
| 150 | 'connect, fasten, join together' | *-ahtsõtɹ- | |||
| 151 | 'be durable, be hard, be strong' | *-akanst-, *-anst-, *-kanst- | |||
| 152 | 'be a number, be an amount, be that many' | *-akeːh, *-keːh | |||
| 153 | 'be bad' | *-aksẽːh | |||
| 154 | 'cry' | *-anstaɹ- | |||
| 155 | 'outdoors, outside' | *ansteh | |||
| 156 | 'shoe' | *-aɹaːhsu- | |||
| 157 | 'be cousins' | *-aɹaʔtseːʔ | |||
| 158 | 'about, almost, approximately' | *aɹeʔ | |||
| 159 | 'be inside, be one, be present, be within, exist' | *-aːt | |||
| 160 | 'speak, talk' | *-atati-, *-atatj- | |||
| 161 | 'bathe, swim' | *-atawẽ- | |||
| 162 | 'climb over, go over' | *-atawẽːhɹat- | |||
| 163 | 'be ashamed, be embarrassed' | *-ateːhẽːh- | |||
| 164 | 'be burning, burn' | *-atek- | |||
| 165 | 'burn, cause to burn, light a fire' | *-atekaʔt- | |||
| 166 | 'use to light a fire' | *-atekaʔtahkw- | |||
| 167 | 'be a doctor, cure, heal' | *-atetsjẽʔt- | |||
| 168 | 'food taken along, provisions' | *-atẽnaʔtshɹ- | |||
| 169 | 'be a member of the Wolf Clan' | *-athahjõniːh | |||
| 170 | 'be cold, be cold out, cold' | *-athoɹ-, *athoʔ | |||
| 171 | 'hear' | *-athõː- | |||
| 172 | 'garter' | *-athsinh-, *-athsinhatshɹ- | |||
| 173 | 'be burnt, be consumed, be used up, burn, use oneself up' | *-athsʔaht- | |||
| 174 | 'abandon, throw, throw out' | *-ati-, *-atj-, *-õti-, *-õtj- | |||
| 175 | 'draw, pull, stretch' | *-atiɹõːt- | |||
| 176 | 'get dressed, put on' | *-atjaʔtawiʔt- | |||
| 177 | 'harbour, hold back, keep' | *-atjenawahst- | |||
| 178 | 'be cheap, be easy, be profligate, squander' | *-atjets- | |||
| 179 | 'look at' | *-atkahthw- | |||
| 180 | 'purulence, pus' | *-atkẽhtsɹ- | |||
| 181 | 'be a sorcerer, be a spirit, have inherent power' | *-atkõʔ | |||
| 182 | 'axe' | *atokẽʔ | |||
| 183 | 'spoon' | *-atokw-, *-atokwaʔtshɹ- | |||
| 184 | 'hunt' | *-atoɹaːt- | |||
| 185 | 'breathe' | *-atõːɹ- | |||
| 186 | 'laugh, laugh out loud' | *-atõtaɹikt- | |||
| 187 | 'meet, meet by chance' | *-atɹaʔ- | |||
| 188 | 'grandchild, have as grandchild' | *-atɹe- | |||
| 189 | 'be green, be new' | *-atseːʔ | |||
| 190 | 'be glad, be happy' | *-atshẽnõni- | |||
| 191 | 'dry out, dry up, evaporate, run dry' | *-atst-, *-atstathẽ- | |||
| 192 | 'abandon, lend, let go, spare' | *-atwẽteht- | |||
| 193 | 'fence, palisade' | *-atʔẽhɹ- | |||
| 194 | 'belong to, own, possess' | *-awẽh | |||
| 195 | 'stir' | *-awẽɹi-, *-awẽɹj- | |||
| 196 | 'water' | *awẽʔ | |||
| 197 | 'be small' | *-aʔ-, *-aʔaːh | |||
| 198 | 'lace, net, netting, web' | *-aʔaɹ- | |||
| 199 | 'dew' | *-aʔawj – | |||
| 200 | 'strike' | *-aʔe- | |||
| 201 | 'become dark, become night' | *-aʔkaɹaʔ-, *-aʔkɹaʔ- | |||
| 202 | 'snow, snowflake' | *-aʔkɹ- | |||
| 203 | 'turtle' | *-aʔnowaɹ-, *-ʔnowaɹ- | |||
| 204 | 'be hot, be warm' | *-aʔtaɹihẽːh | |||
| 205 | 'heat, sweat' | *-aʔtaɹihẽhsɹ- | |||
| 206 | 'axe' | *-aʔtsɹ- | |||
| 207 | 'be extinguished, fire to go out' | *-aʔtsw- | |||
| 208 | 'extinguish, put out a fire' | *-aʔtswaht- | |||
| 209 | 'come, go, go on foot, walk' | *-e- | |||
| 210 | 'remember' | *-ehjahɹ- | |||
| 211 | 'believe, think' | *-eːɹ- | |||
| 212 | 'heart' | *-eɹjahs- | |||
| 213 | 'a lot, much' | *etsoʔ, *itsoʔ, *itswaʔ | |||
| 214 | 'above, high, over' | *eʔnkẽh, *heʔnkẽh | |||
| 215 | 'flower' | *-ẽh- | |||
| 216 | 'day' | *-ẽhnitsɹ- | |||
| 217 | 'be uncle to, have as nephew or niece' | *-ẽhwatẽʔ, *-jẽhwatẽʔ | |||
| 218 | 'be born, establish oneself' | *-ẽnakɹaːt- | |||
| 219 | 'day' | *-ẽt- | |||
| 220 | 'be finished, be over, be prepared, be ready, come to an end' | *-ẽtaʔ- | |||
| 221 | 'drop, fall' | *-ẽʔ- | |||
| 222 | 'nine' | *ẽʔtɹõʔ, *waʔtɹõh, *waʔtɹõʔ | |||
| 223 | 'council fire, flame, torch' | *-hahsɹ- | |||
| 224 | 'cornstalk, grass' | *-heɹ- | |||
| 225 | 'shout, yell' | *-hẽɹeht- | |||
| 226 | 'clearing, field, meadow' | *-hẽt- | |||
| 227 | 'mark, write' | *-hjatõ- | |||
| 228 | 'book, something marked, something written' | *-hjatõhsɹ- | |||
| 229 | 'claw' | *-hkaɹ- | |||
| 230 | 'current, moving water, rapids' | *-hnaw- | |||
| 231 | 'arm, shoulder' | *-hnẽː- | |||
| 232 | 'command, employ, hire' | *-hnhaʔ- | |||
| 233 | 'door' | *-hnhoh-, *-hnhohw- | |||
| 234 | 'close a door, door to be closed' | *-hnhotõ- | |||
| 235 | 'have jowls protruding' | *-hnhhskʷɹõːt | |||
| 236 | 'feed, put in the mouth' | *-hnhõtho-, *-hnhõthw- | |||
| 237 | 'be durable, be hard, be solid, be strong' | *-hniɹ- | |||
| 238 | 'thigh' | *-hnitsh- | |||
| 239 | 'neck, throat' | *-hnj- | |||
| 240 | 'tie' | *-hnɹ- | |||
| 241 | 'basswood' | *-hohsɹ-, *-hotsɹ- | |||
| 242 | 'bread' | *-hɹahkʷ- | |||
| 243 | 'feather' | *-hɹaʔt- | |||
| 244 | 'cut' | *-hɹen- | |||
| 245 | 'fall, fall over' | *-hɹjenẽʔ-, *-ʔɹhjenẽʔ- | |||
| 246 | 'tell' | *-hɹoɹi-, *-hɹoɹj- | |||
| 247 | 'name, reputation' | *-hsẽn- | |||
| 248 | 'dough' | *-hsheʔɹ-,-hsheʔɹh- | |||
| 249 | 'depression, depth, hole, hollow. | *-hshõw- | |||
| 250 | 'detest, dislike, hate' | *-hshwahẽ-, *-hshwẽ- | |||
| 251 | 'ankle, knee' | *-hsinkoʔt- | |||
| 252 | 'slow' | *-hskanẽ- | |||
| 253 | 'be good' | *-hskaːths | |||
| 254 | 'deer' | *-hskẽnõtõʔ | |||
| 255 | 'bone' | *-hskẽʔɹ-; *-hskẽʔɹakeht- 'be a warrior', lit. 'carry the bone' | |||
| 256 | 'head' | *-hskʷ- | |||
| 257 | 'finger, hand' | *-hsnõhs-, *-hsnõʔ | |||
| 258 | 'be fast, be quick' | *-hsnuːɹiʔ | |||
| 259 | 'be ancestor to, be grandparent to' | *-hsoːt | |||
| 260 | 'build, make, prepare' | *-hsɹõːn- | |||
| 261 | 'use' | *-hst- | |||
| 262 | 'marrow' | *-hstahɹõw- | |||
| 263 | 'be little, be small' | *-hsthwih, *-hstwih | |||
| 264 | 'back' | *-hsw- | |||
| 265 | 'board, wood' | *-hswẽʔkaɹ-, *-hwẽʔkaɹ-, *-hwẽʔkhaɹ- | |||
| 266 | 'complete, exhaust, finish' | *-hsʔ-, *-ihsʔ- | |||
| 267 | 'have as older sibling, have as older maternal female cousin' | *-htsiʔ | |||
| 268 | 'colour, dye, paint' | *-htsuːhw- | |||
| 269 | 'family' | *-hwatsiɹ- | |||
| 270 | 'be round' | *-hweʔnõniːh | |||
| 271 | 'foam' | *-hwẽʔnst- | |||
| 272 | 'force, strength' | *-hwihsh- | |||
| 273 | 'five' | *hwihsk | |||
| 274 | 'metal, money' | *-hwihst- | |||
| 275 | 'be, be the one, exist' | *-iː- | |||
| 276 | 'be dead, die' | *-ihej- | |||
| 277 | 'cross over' | *-ihjaʔk-, *-jahjaʔk- | |||
| 278 | 'creek, river' | *-ijhõh-, *-ijhõhw-, *-wjhõh- | |||
| 279 | 'be beautiful, be good, be great' | *-ijoːh | |||
| 280 | 'emerge, go out, put out' | *-inkẽʔ- | |||
| 281 | 'far' | *iːnõh | |||
| 282 | 'mattress, sheet, spread' | *-inskaɹ- | |||
| 283 | 'be sitting, sit' | *-inskoːt | |||
| 284 | 'saliva, spit, spittle' | *-inskɹ- | |||
| 285 | 'fish scale' | *-inst- | |||
| 286 | 'cliff, rock, rock bank' | *-instẽhɹ-, *-nstẽhɹ- | |||
| 287 | 'sleep' | *-itaʔw-, *-itʔo- | |||
| 288 | 'crowd, group' | *-itjohkʷ- | |||
| 289 | 'you' | *iːts | |||
| 290 | 'shoot' | *-iʔaːk-, *-iʔjaːk-, *-ʔjaːk- | |||
| 291 | 'clan, clay, hearth' | *-iʔtaɹ-, *-ʔtaɹ- | |||
| 292 | 'abide, dwell, reside, sit' | *-iʔtɹõ- | |||
| 293 | 'exit, go out, leave' | *-jakẽʔ- | |||
| 294 | 'footprint, gait, track' | *-jan- | |||
| 295 | 'be a chief, be good, be lawful, be proper' | *-janɹ- | |||
| 296 | 'law' | *-janɹehsɹ-, *-janrẽhsɹ- | |||
| 297 | 'break, cut' | *-jaʔk- | |||
| 298 | 'being, body, carcass, corpse, person' | *-jaʔt- | |||
| 299 | 'wake up' | *-je- | |||
| 300 | 'add, contribute, mix' | *-jehst- | |||
| 301 | 'capture, catch, grab' | *-jena-, *-jenaw- | |||
| 302 | 'act, do, happen to' | *-jeɹ- | |||
| 303 | 'be complete, be just, be perfect, be right' | *-jeɹi- | |||
| 304 | 'body' | *-jeːɹõʔ- | |||
| 305 | 'smile' | *-jeːts- | |||
| 306 | 'be situated, exist, have, put down, set down, sit down' | *-jẽ- | |||
| 307 | 'hit, strike' | *-jẽht- | |||
| 308 | 'firewood, wood' | *-jẽt- | |||
| 309 | 'accumulate, beget, get, obtain' | *-jẽtaʔ- | |||
| 310 | 'know' | *-jẽteɹ- | |||
| 311 | 'plant, sow' | *-jẽtho-, *-jẽthw- | |||
| 312 | 'flay, skin' | *-jẽtsɹ- | |||
| 313 | 'have as child' | *-jẽʔ- | |||
| 314 | 'smoke, tobacco' | *-jẽʔkʷ- | |||
| 315 | 'enter' | *-jõ- | |||
| 316 | 'eat' | *-k- | |||
| 317 | 'butterfly' | *kahnaːwẽːh | |||
| 318 | 'look at' | *-kahnɹ- | |||
| 319 | 'eye' | *-kahɹ- | |||
| 320 | 'four' | *kajeɹih | |||
| 321 | 'be old' | *-kajõ- | |||
| 322 | 'anywhere, somewhere' | *kankaʔ | |||
| 323 | 'pipe' | *kanõːnowẽʔ | |||
| 324 | 'bite' | *-kaɹ- | |||
| 325 | 'account, price, story' | *-kaɹ- | |||
| 326 | 'roll, turn around' | *-kaɹhateni-, *-kaɹhatenj- | |||
| 327 | 'invert, roll over, turn over' | *-kaɹhatho-, *-kaɹhathw- | |||
| 328 | 'tree' | *kaɹhit, *keɹhit, *keɹhiʔ, *kɹaheːt, *kɹahit | |||
| 329 | 'come here!' | *katsih | |||
| 330 | 'paddle, row' | *-kaweː- | |||
| 331 | 'lift, raise' | *-kensko-, *-kenskʷ- | |||
| 332 | 'see' | *-kẽ-, *-kẽːh | |||
| 333 | 'be old' | *-kẽhtsi- | |||
| 334 | 'summer' | *-kẽnh- | |||
| 335 | 'be white' | *-kẽɹat | |||
| 336 | 'peel, scrape' | *-kẽtsɹ- | |||
| 337 | 'divide, separate' | *-kh-, *-khahsi-, *-khahsj-, *-khahsk- | |||
| 338 | 'elbow' | *-khjuːhs- | |||
| 339 | 'food, meal' | *-khw- | |||
| 340 | 'chipmunk' | *kihɹjuʔkẽh | |||
| 341 | 'dog' | *kiːɹ | |||
| 342 | 'hair' | *-kiʔɹh- | |||
| 343 | 'crow' | *koːhkaːʔ | |||
| 344 | 'be a lot, be many, be much' | *-koʔtiʔ | |||
| 345 | 'face' | *-kõːhs- | |||
| 346 | 'eel' | *kõteh | |||
| 347 | 'bowl, dish, plate' | *-kts- | |||
| 348 | 'acorn, oak' | *kuːɹeh | |||
| 349 | 'be big, be large' | *-kuwa-, *-kʷa- | |||
| 350 | 'pick up' | *-kʷ- | |||
| 351 | 'be able' | *-kʷeni-, *-kʷenj- | |||
| 352 | 'that, the, this' | *nV | |||
| 353 | 'domestic animal, prisoner, slave' | *-nahskʷ- | |||
| 354 | 'be autochthonous, dwell, reside' | *-nakɹ- | |||
| 355 | 'bed, place, room, space' | *-nakt-, *-nakʷt- | |||
| 356 | 'camp, city, settlement, town, village' | *-nat- | |||
| 357 | 'grain, wheat' | *-natsj- | |||
| 358 | 'be melted, be warm, be wet' | *-nawẽːh | |||
| 359 | 'antler, horn' | *-naʔkaɹ- | |||
| 360 | 'imitate' | *-naʔkeɹ- | |||
| 361 | 'bread' | *-naʔtaɹ- | |||
| 362 | 'call' | *-naʔtõhkʷ- | |||
| 363 | 'cauldron, kettle, pail, pot' | *-naʔtsj- | |||
| 364 | 'liquid' | *-neː- | |||
| 365 | 'ice' | *-neːhst-, *-neːhstwaɹ | |||
| 366 | 'corn, grain, kernel' | *-nẽh- | |||
| 367 | 'now' | *nẽh | |||
| 368 | 'steal' | *-nẽːhskʷ- | |||
| 369 | 'sand; stone' | *-nẽːj- | |||
| 370 | 'arm' | *-nẽtsh- | |||
| 371 | 'be stingy' | *-niʔ- | |||
| 372 | 'marry' | *-njaːk- | |||
| 373 | 'neck' | *-njaɹ- | |||
| 374 | 'lake' | *-njataɹ- | |||
| 375 | 'wampum' | *-nkoʔɹ-, *-nkoʔɹh- | |||
| 376 | 'blood' | *-nkõ-, *-nkʷẽhs- | |||
| 377 | 'red' | *-nkʷẽhtaɹ- | |||
| 378 | 'begin to snow' | *-nkʷẽʔ- | |||
| 379 | 'be cold' | *-noːh | |||
| 380 | 'tooth' | *-noʔts-, *-noʔtsj- | |||
| 381 | 'medicine' | *-nõhkʷ-, *-nõhkʷaʔt-, *-nõhkʷaʔtshɹ- | |||
| 382 | 'house' | *-nõhs- | |||
| 383 | 'be painful, be sore, hurt' | *-nõhwakt- | |||
| 384 | 'admire, like' | *-nõhweʔ- | |||
| 385 | 'hill, mountain' | *-nõt- | |||
| 386 | 'corn soup, hominy' | *-nõtaɹ- | |||
| 387 | 'brain, head' | *-nõːtsiː- | |||
| 388 | 'breast, milk' | *-nõʔt- | |||
| 389 | 'fungus, mushroom' | *-nɹahs- | |||
| 390 | 'leaf' | *-nɹaht- | |||
| 391 | 'get involved, help' | *-nsteːɹ- | |||
| 392 | 'corn husk' | *-nuːɹ- | |||
| 393 | 'be difficult, be unable to, fail to do' | *-nuːɹõ- | |||
| 394 | 'winter, year' | *-ohsɹ- | |||
| 395 | 'throw' | *-ojʔaːk- | |||
| 396 | 'split' | *-oɹẽ- | |||
| 397 | 'be, be standing, exist, stand upright' | *-oːt | |||
| 398 | 'be at the end, end' | *-oʔkt- | |||
| 399 | 'dig' | *-oʔkʷaːt- | |||
| 400 | 'hand' | *-oʔnj- | |||
| 401 | 'be of a kind, be of a sort' | *-oʔtẽːh | |||
| 402 | 'earth, land, world' | *-õhwẽtsj- | |||
| 403 | 'go beyond, go through, leak, pass through, penetrate, reach' | *-õːkuːh- | |||
| 404 | 'sift' | *-õːkuːhst- | |||
| 405 | 'be a person, human being' | *-õkʷeh, *-õkʷehsɹ-, *-õkʷeʔt- | |||
| 406 | 'be alive, life, live' | *-õːnh- | |||
| 407 | 'rain' | *-õnoːt- | |||
| 408 | 'pot' | *-õːt- | |||
| 409 | 'put into the fire' | *-õːt- | |||
| 410 | 'be attached, have as a body part' | *-õːt | |||
| 411 | 'remove from the fire' | *-õːtakʷ- | |||
| 412 | 'be a lake, lake' | *-õːtaɹiʔ | |||
| 413 | 'be in, be on' | *-ɹ- | |||
| 414 | 'moon to be present, planet to be present, sun to be present' | *-ɹ- | |||
| 415 | 'moon, planet, sun' | *-ɹahkʷ- | |||
| 416 | 'erase, rub out, wipe out' | *-ɹakew- | |||
| 417 | 'choose, pick out, select' | *-ɹako-, *-ɹakw- | |||
| 418 | 'sap, syrup' | *-ɹan- | |||
| 419 | 'heel' | *-ɹat- | |||
| 420 | 'climb' | *-ɹathẽ-, *-ɹaʔthẽ- | |||
| 421 | 'adhere, stick, stick on' | *-ɹaʔnẽtaːk- | |||
| 422 | 'incantation, song, spell, witchcraft' | *-ɹẽn- | |||
| 423 | 'bush, forest, woods' | *-ɹhat- | |||
| 424 | 'coat with, put on' | *-ɹho- | |||
| 425 | 'be paternal aunt to' | *-ɹhok | |||
| 426 | 'socks, leggings' | *-ɹiː- | |||
| 427 | 'affair, business, thing, matter' | *-ɹihw- | |||
| 428 | 'fight, kill' | *-ɹijo-, *-ɹjo- | |||
| 429 | 'animal' | *-ɹjoːʔ | |||
| 430 | 'blue, sky' | *-ɹõhj- | |||
| 431 | 'log, tree' | *-ɹõt- | |||
| 432 | 'chop' | *-ɹʔo-, *-ɹʔok- | |||
| 433 | 'be present, exist' | *-t- | |||
| 434 | 'and, besides' | *tahnũʔ | |||
| 435 | 'run' | *-takh- | |||
| 436 | 'woodpecker' | *taɹaːɹ | |||
| 437 | 'flint' | *tawiːhskaɹaʔ | |||
| 438 | 'two' | *tekniːh | |||
| 439 | 'eight' | *tekɹõʔ | |||
| 440 | 'change' | *-teni-, *-tenj- | |||
| 441 | 'mosquito' | *-tẽːhs- | |||
| 442 | 'alternate, differ' | *-tih- | |||
| 443 | 'skunk' | *tiʔɹ | |||
| 444 | 'nearby' | tjohskẽẽʔ | |||
| 445 | 'snake' | tjoʔxjẽtsihk | |||
| 446 | 'decay, rot, spoil' | *-tkẽː- | |||
| 447 | 'how, how many, how much' | *toːh | |||
| 448 | 'be certain, be exact, be true' | *-tokẽːh | |||
| 449 | 'stand' | *-toʔn- | |||
| 450 | 'bluejay' | *tɹiʔtɹiːʔ | |||
| 451 | 'beans' | *tsaheʔ, *-tsaheʔt- | |||
| 452 | 'bottle, gourd, jar' | *-tsheʔ, *-tsheʔt-, *-tsheʔw- | |||
| 453 | 'club, fist, knot' | *-tsihkʷ- | |||
| 454 | 'robin' | *tsiːhskʷoːʔkʷoːʔ | |||
| 455 | 'otter, seal' | *tsiːjẽh | |||
| 456 | 'salt' | *-tsikheʔt- | |||
| 457 | 'be male' | *-tsin | |||
| 458 | 'fire' | *-tsiːɹ | |||
| 459 | 'coal, ember, fire, spark' | *-tsist- | |||
| 460 | 'fox, lynx' | *tsitshoʔ | |||
| 461 | 'bile, green, yellow' | *-tsiʔnkʷaɹ- | |||
| 462 | 'bird' | *tsiʔtẽʔ | |||
| 463 | 'corn tassel' | *-tsiːʔtsiːʔ | |||
| 464 | 'seven' | *tsjatahk | |||
| 465 | 'tobacco' | *-tsjoːɹ- | |||
| 466 | 'six; seven' | *tsjotaɹeʔ | |||
| 467 | 'fish' | *-tsjõʔt- | |||
| 468 | 'be daughter-in-law' | *-tsoʔ | |||
| 469 | 'dream, sleep' | *-tsɹẽht- | |||
| 470 | 'put into the water' | *-uː- | |||
| 471 | 'remove from the water' | *-uːkʷ- | |||
| 472 | 'cover' | *-uːɹ- | |||
| 473 | 'splash water, sprinkle' | *-uːtsɹ- | |||
| 474 | 'whippoorwill' | *waʔkuhɹiːʔ | |||
| 475 | 'say, speak' | *-we- | |||
| 476 | 'language, voice, word' | *-wẽn- | |||
| 477 | 'thumb' | *-whjõhkaɹ- | |||
| 478 | 'young person' | *-wiːnõːh | |||
| 479 | 'baby, child, infant, offspring' | *-wiɹ- | |||
| 480 | 'arm, fin, wing' | *-wj- | |||
| 481 | 'wing' | *-wjahũtsh- | |||
| 482 | 'learn, teach' | *-wjẽhst- | |||
| 483 | 'know how, learn how' | *-wjẽhw-, *-wjẽw-, *-wjẽʔ- | |||
| 484 | 'craft, manner, skill, way' | *-wjẽn- | |||
| 485 | 'become capable, learn how' | *-wjʌ̃tehtaʔ- | |||
| 486 | 'be good' | *-wohst | |||
| 487 | 'air, wind' | *-wɹ- | |||
| 488 | 'arrow' | *-ʔn- | |||
| 489 | 'bone' | *-ʔnẽj- | |||
| 490 | 'egg' | *-ʔnhõhs- | |||
| 491 | 'mind, spirit' | *-ʔnikõhɹ- | |||
| 492 | 'be late, delay' | *-ʔnitsko-, *-ʔnitskʷ- | |||
| 493 | 'escape, flee, run away' | *-ʔnjakẽʔ- | |||
| 494 | 'nose' | *-ʔnjõːhs- | |||
| 495 | 'be envious, be jealous, envy' | *-ʔnonsh- | |||
| 496 | 'be powerful, be strong' | *-ʔnshanst- | |||
| 497 | 'drown, fall into water' | *-ʔtskoʔ- | |||
| 498 | 'drag, drive, pull, ride' | *-ʔtsɹ- |