Prison farm

A prison farm is a large correctional facility where penal labor convicts work legally or illegally on a farm, usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining. In the United States, such forced labor is made legal by the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution; however, some other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and labor camp overlap, with the idea that the prisoners are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a penal colony.
The agricultural goods produced by prison farms are generally used primarily to feed the prisoners themselves and other wards of the state, and secondarily, to be sold for whatever profit the state may be able to obtain.
In addition to being forced to labor directly for the government on a prison farm or in a penal colony, inmates may be forced to do farm work for private enterprises by being farmed out through the practice of convict leasing to work on private agricultural lands or related industries. The party purchasing their labor from the government generally does so at a steep discount from the market labor cost.
File:13th Amendment signed by Abraham Lincoln.jpg|thumb|This is the 13th Amendment that Abraham Lincoln signed.
Louisiana State Penitentiary is the largest prison farm covering ; it is bordered on three sides by the Mississippi River.
Canada had six federal prison farms, which were closed in 2010. In 2019, two of the farms have been gradually reopened.

Convict leasing

Convict leasing was a system of penal labor that was primarily practiced in the Southern United States, widely involved the use of African-American men, and was prominently used after the American Civil War. In this system, southern states leased prisoners to large plantations and private mines or railways. This system led to the states earning a profit, while the prisoners earned no pay and faced dangerous working conditions.
The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the use of slavery and involuntary servitude but explicitly exempts those who have been convicted of a crime. In response to this, the southern state legislatures implemented "Black Codes", which were laws that explicitly applied to African-Americans and subjected them to criminal prosecution for minor offenses like breaking curfew, loitering, and not carrying proof of employment. These new laws led to more prisoners for the penal system that could all be leased by the state so that it can use their labor for profit. Widespread convict leasing ended by World War II, but the loopholes in the 13th Amendment still permit the use of prisoners to work without pay.

Other work programs

Convicts may also be leased for non-agricultural work, either directly to state entities, or to private industry. For example, prisoners may make license plates under contract to the state department of motor vehicles, work in textile or other state-run factories, or may perform data processing for outside firms. Other types of work include food service or groundskeeping. These laborers are typically considered to be a part of prison industries and not prison farms.

In the United States (partial list)

State	Facility	Type of work
Alabama	Draper Correctional Facility	Farming
Alabama	G.K. Fountain Correctional Facility	Cattle and Agricultural Operations, and Vegetable Gardens
Alabama	Limestone Correctional Facility	Cattle and Farming
Alaska	Point MacKenzie Correctional Farm	Hogs, Cattle, Turkeys, and Chickens, Produce Operations, and Hydroponics Program
Arkansas	Cummins Unit	Horse and Agricultural Operations
Arkansas	East Arkansas Regional Unit	Farming
Arkansas	Grimes Unit	Agricultural Gardening Program
Arkansas	North Central Unit	Garden and Forage Production
Arkansas	Ouachita River Unit	Livestock and Forage Production, Gravel Harvesting
Arkansas	Pine Bluff Unit	Horse operation
Arkansas	Tucker Unit	Agricultural Operations
Arkansas	Wrightsville Unit	Horse Operations, Agricultural Operations
California	California State Prison, Corcoran	Dairy/Milk Processing
California	Central California Women's Facility	Farming
California	Valley State Prison	Farming
California	Wasco State Prison	Farming
Colorado	Buena Vista Correctional Complex	Fish Hatchery
Colorado	Four Mile Correctional Center	Dairy, Wild Horse Inmate Program
Colorado	Rifle Correctional Center	Timber
Colorado	Skyline Correctional Center	Fish Hatchery, Farming, Vineyard, Goat and Water Buffalo Dairy, Mountain Sheep
Florida	Apalachee Correctional Institution, West Unit / P.R.I.D.E.	Beef Cattle, Lumber, Agricultural
Florida	Charlotte Correctional Institution / P.R.I.D.E.	Citrus
Florida	Union Correctional Institution / P.R.I.D.E.	Beef Cattle, Lumber
Georgia	Arrendale State Prison	Cattle and Swine, Hay Farming
Georgia	Dooly State Prison	Farm Services
Georgia	Montgomery State Prison	Poultry and Egg Production
Georgia	Rogers State Prison	Dairy, Beef Cattle, Swine, Farming
Georgia	Washington State Prison	Farming
Hawaii	Halawa Correctional Facility / Hawaii Correctional Industries	Farming
Hawaii	Waiawa Correctional Facility	Farming
Louisiana	Louisiana State Penitentiary	Farming
Mississippi	Mississippi State Penitentiary / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises	Farming
Mississippi	South Mississippi Correctional Institution / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises	Farming
North Carolina	Roanoke River Correctional Institution	Farming and Cannery
North Carolina	Dan River Prison Work Farm	Farming
North Carolina	Tyrrell Prison Work Farm	Farming
Texas	George Beto Unit	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.
Texas	Dolph Briscoe Unit	Farming
Texas	James "Jay" H. Byrd Unit	Hay Production
Texas	Clemens Unit	Beef Cattle, Farming, Swine Finishing
Texas	William P. Clements Unit	Beef Processing
Texas	H. H. Coffield Unit	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, Swine Farrowing etc.
Texas	Christina Melton Crain Unit	Farming, Swine Finishing
Texas	Price Daniel Unit	Farming
Texas	Memorial Unit	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, and Swine Finishing Operations
Texas	J. Dale Wainwright Unit	Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations
Texas	O.B. Ellis Unit	Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations
Texas	W. J. "Jim" Estelle Unit	Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations
Texas	Jim Ferguson Unit	Farming, Bull Management, and Swine Operations
Texas	Glen Ray Goodman Transfer Facility	Hay Production
Texas	Thomas Goree Unit	Horse Breeding
Texas	Joe F. Gurney Transfer Facility	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.
Texas	Hilltop Unit	Farming, Swine Finishing
Texas	William P. Hobby Unit	Farming and Peach Orchard
Texas	Reverend C.A. Holliday Transfer Facility	Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services
Texas	Alfred D. Hughes Unit	Farming, Swine Finishing
Texas	Beauford H. Jester I Unit	Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed
Texas	Beauford H. Jester III Unit	Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed
Texas	Clyde M. Johnston Unit	Hay Production
Texas	O.L. Luther Unit	Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch
Texas	Mark W. Michael Unit	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.
Texas	Mountain View Unit	Farming, Swine Finishing
Texas	Dr. Lane Murray Unit	Farming, Swine Finishing
Texas	Nathaniel J. Neal Unit	Beef Processing
Texas	Wallace Pack Unit	Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch
Texas	Allan B. Polunsky Unit	Tree Farm
Texas	Louis C. Powledge Unit	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.
Texas	W. F. Ramsey Unit	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator
Texas	Retrieve Unit	Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Farming, Farm Shop, and Grain Storage
Texas	A.M. "Mac" Stringfellow Unit	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator
Texas	Barry B. Telford Unit	Cow/Calf Operations and Farming
Texas	C.T. Terrell Unit	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator
Texas	Carol S. Vance Unit	Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed
Texas	Daniel Webster Wallace Unit	Hay Production
Texas	John M. Wynne Unit	Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services