Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Population figures for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas before European colonization have been difficult to establish. Estimates have varied widely from as low as 8 million to as many as 100 million, though by the end of the 20th century, many scholars gravitated toward an estimate of around 50 million people.
The monarchs of the nascent Spanish Empire decided to fund Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492, leading to the establishment of colonies and marking the beginning of the migration of millions of Europeans and Africans to the Americas. While the population of European settlers, primarily from Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands, along with African slaves, grew steadily, the Indigenous population plummeted. There are numerous reasons for the population decline, including exposure to Eurasian diseases such as influenza, pneumonic plagues, and smallpox; direct violence by settlers and their allies through war and forced removal; and the general disruption of societies. Scholarly disputes remain over the degree to which each factor contributed or should be emphasized; some modern scholars have categorized it as a genocide, claiming that deliberate, systematic actions by Europeans were the primary cause. Traditional interpretation of the decline by scholars have disputed this characterization, maintaining that incidental disease exposure was the primary cause. This is supported by evidence where 50-80 percent of the population died from waves of diseases caused by Europeans in places such as Mexico in the 16th century.

Population overview

Pre-Columbian population figures are difficult to estimate because of the fragmentary nature of the evidence. Estimates range from 8–112 million. Scholars have varied widely on the estimated size of the Indigenous populations prior to colonization and on the effects of European contact. Estimates are made by extrapolations from small bits of data. In 1976, geographer William Denevan used the existing estimates to derive a "consensus count" of about 54 million people. Nonetheless, more recent estimates still range widely. In 1992, Denevan suggested that the total population was approximately 53.9 million and the populations by region were, approximately, 3.8 million for the United States and Canada, 17.2 million for Mexico, 5.6 million for Central America, 3 million for the Caribbean, 15.7 million for the Andes and 8.6 million for lowland South America. A 2020 genetic study suggests that prior estimates for the pre-Columbian Caribbean population may have been at least tenfold too large. Historian David Stannard estimates that the extermination of Indigenous peoples took the lives of 100 million people: "...the total extermination of many American Indian peoples and the near-extermination of others, in numbers that eventually totaled close to 100,000,000." A 2019 study estimates the pre-Columbian Indigenous population contained more than 60 million people, but dropped to 6 million by 1600, based on a drop in atmospheric during that period. Other studies have disputed this conclusion.
The Indigenous population of the Americas in 1492 was not necessarily at a high point and may actually have already been in decline in some areas. Indigenous populations in most areas of the Americas reached a low point by the early 20th century.
Using an estimate of approximately 37 million people in Mexico, Central and South America in 1492, the lowest estimates give a population decrease from all causes of 80% by the end of the 17th century. Latin America would match its 15th-century population early in the 19th century; it numbered 17 million in 1800, 30 million in 1850, 61 million in 1900, 105 million in 1930, 218 million in 1960, 361 million in 1980, and 563 million in 2005. In the last three decades of the 16th century, the population of present-day Mexico dropped to about one million people. The Maya population is today estimated at six million, which is about the same as at the end of the 15th century, according to some estimates. In what is now Brazil, the Indigenous population declined from a pre-Cabraline high of an estimated four million to some 300,000. Over 60 million Brazilians possess at least one Native South American ancestor, according to a DNA study.
While it is difficult to determine exactly how many Natives lived in Northern America before Columbus, most estimates range from 2.5 million to 7 million people, with one study estimating up to 18 million. Scholars vary on the estimated size of the Indigenous population in what is now Canada prior to colonization and on the effects of European contact. During the late 15th century is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 currently accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health. Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. However repeated outbreaks of European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox, combined with other effects of European contact, resulted in a twenty-five percent to eighty percent Indigenous population decrease post-contact. Roland G Robertson suggests that during the late 1630s, smallpox killed over half of the Wyandot, who controlled most of the early North American fur trade in the area of New France. In 1871 there was an enumeration of the Indigenous population within the limits of Canada at the time, showing a total of only 102,358 individuals. From 2006 to 2016, the Indigenous population has grown by 42.5 percent, four times the national rate. According to the 2011 Canadian census, Indigenous peoples numbered at 1,400,685, or 4.3% of the country's total population.
The population debate has often had ideological underpinnings. Low estimates, such as those from Kroeber in 1939, claiming only 8.4 million inhabitants in the entire western hemisphere, were often reflective of European notions of cultural and racial superiority, especially in the early 20th century when white supremacist ideology still had a strong influence on fields such as anthropology. Historian Francis Jennings argued, "Scholarly wisdom long held that Indians were so inferior in mind and works that they could not possibly have created or sustained large populations." Most scholars held these lower estimates as factual until the 1960s, when anthropologist Henry Dobyns published research applying historical and archaeological data to assert a far higher pre-Columbian population of possibly over 100 million, including up to 9-12 million in what is now the US and Canada, setting off significant academic debate over the question. Despite widespread acceptance that the early estimates were too low, multiple researchers have also called very high estimates such as Dobyns into question as well. In 1998, Africanist Historian David Henige claimed that many population estimates are the result of "arbitrary formulas" applied from unreliable sources. Most newer estimates of the pre-Columbian population in the Americas fall between 45 and 60 million people, including those from Denevan and Alchon, while a 2018 study estimates a population of just over 60 million, based on carbon records.

Estimations

Estimations by tribe

Population size for Native American tribes is very difficult to state definitively, but at least one writer has made estimates, often based on an assumed proportion of the number of warriors to total population for the tribe. Many of these estimates are based on observations by contemporary European explorers or settlers passing through Native American territories. Typical proportions were 5 people per one warrior and at least 1 up to 5 warriors per lodge, cabin or house.

Rank	Cultural Area	Region	Tribe or nation	Highest pop. estimate	Year	Towns/ villages	Lodges/cabins/houses/tents/tipis etc.	Sources of estimates
1	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Sioux	150,000 – 50,000	1762	40+	5,000 lodges in 1846, averaging over ten people per lodge	Lt. James Gorrell and A. Ramsey
2	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Choctaw	125,000	1718	102	102 towns enumerated by Swanton	Le Page du Pratz and J. R. Swanton
3	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Illinois	100,000	1658	60		Jean de Quen
4a	Great Basin	Mexican Cession	Shoshone	60,000	1820			Jedidiah Morse
4b	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Eastern Shoshone	20,000	1820			Jedidiah Morse
5	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Pueblo Tigua	78,100+	1626	20	7,000 houses only in two largest pueblos	Alonso de Benavides
6a	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Blackfoot in the US	37,500 – 30,000	1836			George Catlin
6b	Great Plains	Prairies, Canada	Blackfoot in Canada	37,500 – 30,000	1836			George Catlin
7	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Iroquois	70,000	1690	226	Nearly 60 towns destroyed in 1779	L. A. de Lahontan and John R. Swanton
8	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Apache	60,000	1700			José de Urrutia
9	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Muscogee confederacy including Hitchiti	50,000	1794	100		James Seagrove and Henry Knox
10	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Hopi	50,000	1584	7		Antonio de Espejo
11	NE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Shawnee	50,000 – 15,000	1540	38+		M. A. Jaimes & Pierre d'Iberville
12	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Crow	45,000	1834			Samuel Gardner Drake
13	NE Woodlands	Ontario, Canada	Hurons	40,000	1632	32		Gabriel Sagard and J. Lalemant
14	Great Plains	Texas Annexation	Comanche	40,000	1832			George Catlin and J. Morse
15	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Pueblo Tano/Maguas including Pecos	40,000	1584	11		Antonio de Espejo
16	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Miami	40,000	1657	20+		Gabriel Druillettes
17	NE Woodlands	Louisiana Purchase	Ioways	40,000	1762	16+		Lt. James Gorrell
18a	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Piegan in the US	30,000	1700			George Bird Grinnell
18b	Great Plains	Alberta, Canada	Piegan in Canada	10,000	1700			George Bird Grinnell
19	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Pawnee	38,000	1719	38	5,000 – 6,000 cabins/lodges & 7,600 warriors	Claude Du Tisne and L. Krzywicki
20a	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Ojibwe in the US	18,000	1860			Emmanuel Domenech
20b	NE Woodlands	Ontario, Canada	Ojibwe in Canada	18,000	1860			Emmanuel Domenech
21a	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Assiniboine in the US	17,500	1823	15+		W. H. Keating and G. C. Beltrami
21b	Great Plains	Prairies, Canada	Assiniboine in Canada	17,500	1823	15+		W. H. Keating and G. C. Beltrami
22	NE Woodlands	Acadia, Canada	Mi'kmaq	35,000	1500			Virginia P. Miller
23	SE Woodlands	Spanish Florida	Apalachee	34,000	1635	11+		J. R. Swanton
24	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Navajo	30,000+	1626		In 1910 still numbered 29,624 people in Arizona and New Mexico	Alonso de Benavides
25	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Cherokee	30,000	1735	201	201 towns enumerated by Swanton	J. Adair and Ga. Hist. Coll., II
26	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Tuscarora	30,000	1600	24		D. Cusick
27	NE Woodlands	New England	Narragansett	30,000	1642	8+		R. Smith junior quoted by S. G. Drake and J. R. Swanton
28	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Mohican confederacy	30,000	1600	16+		J. A. Maurault and J. R. Swanton
29	NE Woodlands	New England	Massachusett	30,000	1600	23+		J. A. Maurault and J. R. Swanton
30	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Jemez Pueblo	30,000	1584	11		Antonio de Espejo
31	SE Woodlands	Spanish Florida	Timucua tribes	30,000	1635	141	44 missions in 1635: 30,000 Christian Indians	J. R. Swanton
32	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Clayoquot	30,000	1780			Ho. Doc. 1839–1840 and Meares
33a	Subarctic & Arctic	Saskatchewan, Canada	Woods Cree in Saskatchewan	5,600	1670			James Mooney
33b	Subarctic & Arctic	Manitoba, Canada	Cree living in Manitoba	4,250	1670			James Mooney
33c	Subarctic & Arctic	Alberta, Canada	Woodland Cree in Alberta	3,050	1670			James Mooney
33d	Subarctic & Arctic	Ontario, Canada	Swampy Cree in Ontario	2,100	1670			James Mooney
33e	Subarctic & Arctic	Ontario, Canada	Moose Cree	5,000	1600			James Mooney
33f	Great Plains	Prairies, Canada	Plains Cree	7,000	1853			David G. Mandelbaum
34a	Great Basin	Mexican Cession	Ute living in Utah	13,050	1867			Indian Affairs 1867
34b	Great Basin	Mexican Cession	Ute living in Colorado	7,000	1866			Indian Affairs 1866
34c	Great Basin	Mexican Cession	Ute living in New Mexico	6,000	1846–1854			H. H. Davis and Indian Affairs 1854
35	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Mabila	25,000	1540		Mississippian chiefdom under chief Tuskaloosa, about 5,000 warriors	Ludwik Krzywicki
36	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Chinook tribes	22,000	1780		1,000 lodges just among the Lower Chinook	James Mooney and Duflot de Mofras
37	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Mascouten	20,000	1679		They consisted of 12 sub-tribes	Claude Dablon
38	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Chickasaw	20,000	1687	27+		Louis Hennepin
39	NE Woodlands	Ontario, Canada	Neutrals	20,000	1616	40		Samuel de Champlain
40	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Zuni Pueblo	20,000	1584	12		Antonio de Espejo
41	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Pueblo Tewa/Ubates	20,000	1584	5		Antonio de Espejo
42	NE Woodlands	New England	Pequots	20,000	1600	21		Daniel Gookin and J. R. Swanton
43	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Skidi	20,000	1687	22	At least 4,400 cabins	George Bird Grinnell
44	SE Woodlands	Louisiana Purchase	Natchez	20,000	1715	60		Pierre Charlevoix
45	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Pueblo Punames	20,000	1584	5	Zia was the largest of 5 Puname pueblos	Antonio de Espejo
46	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Lenape	18,400	1635–1648	118		R. Evelin, Th. Donaldson & Swanton
47	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Mandan	17,500 – 15,000	1738	17	1,000+ lodges and 3,500 warriors	W. Sanstead & Indian Affairs 1836
48	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Atsina	16,800	1837		Still reported at 16,800 in 1841	Indian Affairs 1837
49	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Powhatan confederacy	16,600	1616	161		William Strachey and John Smith
50	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Nanticoke confederacy	16,500	1600	16+		John Smith and J. R. Swanton
51	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Arikaras	16,000	1700	48		Kinglsey M. Bray
52	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Vancouver Island Salish	15,500	1780			Herbert C. Taylor
53	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Arapaho	15,250	1812			M. R. Stuart
54	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Wichita confederacy	15,000+	1772			Juan de Ripperda
55	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Pueblo Keres	15,000	1584	7		Antonio de Espejo
56	NE Woodlands	New England	Abenaki	15,000	1600	31		J. A. Maurault and J. R. Swanton
57	NE Woodlands	New England	Pennacook confederacy	15,000	1674			Daniel Gookin
58	NE Woodlands	New England	Wampanoag	15,000	1600	30		Daniel Gookin and J. R. Swanton
59	NE Woodlands	Louisiana Purchase	Missouria	15,000	1764			H. Bouquet and J. Buchanan
60	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Hidatsa	15,000	1835			William M. Denevan
61	NE Woodlands	Ontario, Canada	Ottawa	15,000 – 13,150	1777			L. Houck and J. C. Colhoun
62	Southwest	Texas Annexation	Coahuiltecan tribes	15,000	1690			James Mooney
63	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Mishinimaki	15,000	1600	30		Claude Dablon
64	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Taos Pueblo	15,000	1540	1+		Relacion del Suceso
65	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Erie	14,500	1653			J. N. B. Hewitt
66	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Kwakiutl tribes excluding Haisla	14,500	1780			Herbert C. Taylor
67	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Nootka tribes	14,000	1780			Herbert C. Taylor
68	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Wappinger confederacy	13,500	1600	68		E. J. Boesch and J. R. Swanton
69	NE Woodlands	Ontario, Canada	Mississaugas	12,000+	1744	3+		Arthur Dobbs
70	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Coast Salish	12,000	1835			Wilson Duff & J. Mooney
71	Subarctic & Arctic	District of Franklin, Canada	District of Franklin Inuit	12,000	1670			James Mooney
72	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Lekwiltok	10,520	1839			HBC Indian Census 1839
73	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Puget Sound Salish tribes	10,300	1780			Herbert C. Taylor
74	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Catawba	10,000	1700			R. Mills and H. Lewis Scaife
75	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Akimel O'odham	10,000	1850			S. Mowry
76	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Cheyenne	10,000	1856		1,000 lodges and 2,000 warriors	Thomas S. Twiss
77	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Chilkat	10,000	1869			F. K. Louthan
78	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Pueblo Tompiro	10,000	1626	15		Alonso de Benavides
79	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Menominee	10,000	1778			H. R. Schoolcraft
80	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Mohave	10,000	1869			William Abraham Bell
81	Southwest	Texas Annexation	Jumanos	10,000	1584	5+	5 large towns	Antonio de Espejo
82	SE Woodlands	Florida Purchase	Seminole	10,000	1836	93		N. G. Taylor and Capt. Hugh Young
83	SE Woodlands	Spanish Florida	Calusa	10,000	1570	56		Lopez de Velasco & J. R. Swanton
84	Great Plains	Texas Annexation	Kichai, Waco, Tawakoni	10,000	1719			Benard de La Harpe
85	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Pisquow and Sinkiuse-Columbia	10,000	1780			James Teit
86	NE Woodlands	Quebec, Canada	St. Lawrence Iroquoians	10,000	1500		Also known as Laurentians	Gary Warrick & Louis Lesage
87	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Bitterroot Salish	9,000	1821			M. R. Stuart
88	Great Basin	Oregon Country	Bannock and Diggers	9,000	1848		1,200 lodges of southern Bannock	Joseph L. Meek and Jim Bridger
89	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Piro Pueblo	9,000	1500	14		John R. Swanton and Alonso de Benavides
90	SE Woodlands	Louisiana Purchase	Caddo tribes	8,500	1690			James Mooney
91	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Haida	8,400	1787	42+		C. F. Newcombe
92	Great Basin	Mexican Cession	Paiute	8,200	1859			John Weiss Forney
93	NE Woodlands	Louisiana Purchase	Osage	8,000	1819	17		Th. Nuttall, Iberville and H. Bouquet
94	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Kansa	8,000	1764			Henry Bouquet
95	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Nez Perce	8,000	1806			Isaac Ingalls Stevens
96	NE Woodlands	Ontario, Canada	Tionontati	8,000	1600	9	9 towns, 600 families in the main town	James Mooney & Jes. Rel. XXXV
97	Subarctic & Arctic	Canada	Chipewyan	7,500	1812			Samuel Gardner Drake
98	Northwest Plateau	British Columbia, Canada	Secwepemc	7,200	1850			James Teit and A. C. Anderson
99	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Omaha, Ponca	7,200	1702			Pierre d'Iberville
100	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Yamasee	7,000	1702	10		Guillaume Delisle
101	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Conoy	7,000+	1600	13+		W. M. Denevan & J. R. Swanton
102	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Umpqua	7,000	1835			Samuel Parker
103	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Tsimshian of British Columbia and Nisga'a	7,000	1780			James Mooney
104	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Tohono Oʼodham	6,800	1863	19		Indian Affairs 1863
105	NE Woodlands	Quebec, Canada	Algonquin	6,500	1860			Emmanuel Domenech
106	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Sauk	6,500	1786			Wisconsin Hist. Coll., XII
107	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Potawatomi	6,500	1829			Peter Buell Porter & McKenney
108	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Meskwaki	6,400	1835			Cutting Marsh in Wisconsin Hist. Coll., XV
109	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Acoma Pueblo	6,000	1584	1+	500+ houses	Antonio de Espejo
110	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Wea	6,000	1718	5		N. Y. Col. Dcts., IX
111	SE Woodlands	Louisiana Purchase	Quapaw	6,000	1541	4+		Fidalgo D'Elvas
112	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Yakama	6,000	1857			A. N. Armstrong
113	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Montauk	6,000	1600	20		J. R. Swanton
114	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Alsea, Siuslaw, Yaquina and Luckton	6,000	1780	110		James Mooney and James Owen Dorsey
115	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Ho-Chunk	5,800	1818			Jedidiah Morse
116	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Rogue River Indians	5,600	1780			James Mooney
117	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Kutenai	5,600	1820			Jedidiah Morse
118	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Quechan	5,500	1775–1855			A. F. Bandelier, Ten Kate
119	Subarctic & Arctic	Quebec, Canada	Innu and Naskapi	5,500	1600	17+		James Mooney and J. R. Swanton
120	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Kiowa	5,450	1805–1807			Z. M. Pike
121	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Palouse	5,400	1780			James Mooney and J. R. Swanton
122	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Susquehanna	5,000	1600	20+		James Mooney and J. R. Swanton
123	NE Woodlands	New England	Pocumtuk	5,000	1600			Pocumtuc History
124	Northwest Plateau	British Columbia, Canada	Nlaka'pamux	5,000	1858			James Teit & A. C. Anderson
125	Northwest Plateau	British Columbia, Canada	Dakelh	5,000	1835			A. C. Anderson and J. Mooney
126	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Klikitat	5,000	1829			Paul Kane
127	SE Woodlands	Texas Annexation	Hasinai confederacy	5,000	1716			Herbert Eugene Bolton
128	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Makah	5,000+	1805			John R. Jewitt
129	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Yuchi	5,000 – 2,500	1550			William Bartram & Carolina – The Native Americans
130	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Halyikwamai	5,000	1605			Juan de Oñate
131	Subarctic & Arctic	District of Mackenzie, Canada	District of Mackenzie Inuit	4,800	1670			James Mooney
132	Northwest Plateau	British Columbia, Canada	Chilcotin	4,600	1793			A. G. Morice and HBC employees
133	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Chopunnish	4,300	1806			Extinct native American tribes of North America
134	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Honniasont	4,000+	1662			John R. Swanton
135	NE Woodlands	New England	Niantic	4,000	1500			Capers Jones
136	SE Woodlands	Louisiana Purchase	Chitimacha	4,000	1699		300+ cabins and 800 warriors	Benard de La Harpe
137	Northwest Plateau	British Columbia, Canada	Lillooet	4,000	1780			James Mooney and J. Teit
138	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Modoc & Klamath	4,000	1868			Indian Affairs 1868
139	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Weapemeoc	4,000	1585	5+		S. R. Grenville
140	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Sahaptin	4,000	1857			A. N. Armstrong
141	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Guale	4,000	1650			J. R. Swanton
142	Subarctic & Arctic	Canada	Kutchin	4,000	1871			Censuses of Canada, 1665 to 1871
143	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Skitswish	4,000	1800			James Teit
144	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Wappatoo tribes	3,600	1780			James Mooney
145	Subarctic & Arctic	Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada	Labrador Inuit	3,600	1600			J. Mooney & Kroeber
146	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Nisqually	3,600	1780			James Mooney
147	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Chowanoc	3,500+	1585	5		Carolina – The Native Americans
148	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Acolapissa	3,500	1600		120+ cabins	Acolapissa History
149	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Colville	3,500	1806			Isaac Ingalls Stevens
150	Northwest Plateau	British Columbia, Canada	Babine	3,500	1780			James Mooney
151	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Havasupai and Tonto Apaches	3,500	1854			Amiel Weeks Whipple
152	Great Plains	Louisiana Purchase	Plains Apache	3,375	1818			Jedidiah Morse
153	Subarctic & Arctic	British Columbia, Canada	Sekani	3,200	1780			James Mooney and Sekani Indians of Canada
154	Subarctic & Arctic	Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada	Beothuk	3,050	1500			Ralph T. Pastore, Leslie Upton
155	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Alabama	3,000	1764	6		Henry Bouquet
156	NE Woodlands	New England	Nantucket	3,000	1660	10		J. Barber in J. Chase and J. R. Swanton
157	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Nottoway	3,000	1586			R. Lane in Hakluyt, VIII
158	Great Plains	Texas Annexation	Tonkawa	3,000	1814			John F. Schermerhorn
159	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Wallawalla	3,000	1848			Miss A. J. Allen
160	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Spokan	3,000	1848			Joseph L. Meek
161	Northwest Plateau	British Columbia, Canada	Okinagan	3,000	1780		Also spelled Okanagan	James Teit
162	NE Woodlands	Ontario, Canada	Nipissing	3,000	1764			Th. Hutchins in H. R. Schoolcraft
163	NE Woodlands	New England	Shawomets and Cowsetts	3,000	1500			Capers Jones
164	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Halchidhoma	3,000	1799	8		J. Cortez
165	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Piipaash	3,000	1799			J. Cortez and Francisco Garcés
166	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Taposa and Ibitoupa	3,000	1699			Baudry de Lozieres
167	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Multnomah	3,000	1830			Hall J. Kelley
168	Subarctic & Arctic	District of Keewatin, Canada	District of Keewatin Inuit	3,000	1670			James Mooney
169	SE Woodlands	Spanish Florida	Potano	3,000	1650			James Mooney
170	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Cocopah	3,000	1775	9		Francisco Garcés and de Oñate
171	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Kalapuya tribes	3,000	1780		Eight tribes or bands	James Mooney
172	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Cajuenche	3,000	1680			James Mooney
173	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Pueblo Picuris	3,000	1680	1+		Agustín de Vetancurt
174	NE Woodlands	New England	Martha's Vineyard Wampanoag	3,000	1642	8		Lloyd C. M. Hare and J. R. Swanton
175	NE Woodlands	Old Northwest	Kickapoo	3,000	1759			J. R. Swanton
176	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Watlala	2,800	1805			Lewis and Clark
177	Southwest	Texas Annexation	Karankawa	2,800	1690			James Mooney
178	NE Woodlands	Acadia, Canada	Wolastoqiyik	2,750	1764			Th. Hutchins in H. R. Schoolcraft
179	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Heiltsuk and Haisla	2,700	1780			James Mooney
180	NE Woodlands	New England	Mohegan	2,500	1680	21		Mass. Hist. Coll. and J. R. Swanton
181	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Clackamas	2,500	1780	11		James Mooney
182	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Yavapai	2,500	1869			J. Ross Browne
183	NE Woodlands	New England	Nipmuc	2,500	1500	29		Capers Jones and J. R. Swanton
184	Subarctic & Arctic	Northwest Territories, Canada	Inuvialuit	2,500	1850			Jessica M. Shadian, Mark Nuttall
185	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Manhasset	2,500	1500			E. M. Ruttenber
186	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Snohomish	2,500	1844			Duflot de Mofras
187	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Mosopelea, Koroa, and Tioux	2,450	1700			J. R. Swanton
188	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Cowlitz	2,400	1822	3		Jedidiah Morse
189	NE Woodlands	New England	Penobscot	2,250	1702	14		N. H. Hist. Coll., I and J. R. Swanton
190	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Tunica	2,250	1698	7	260 cabins and 450 warriors	J. G. Shea and J. R. Swanton
191	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Kalispel	2,250	1835–1850			HBC agents & Joseph Lane
192	Great Plains	Alberta, Canada	Sarcee	2,200	1832		220 tents, on average 10 people per tent	George Catlin and John Maclean
193	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Tillamook	2,200	1820	10		Jedidiah Morse
194	Subarctic & Arctic	Yukon, Canada	Yukon Inuit	2,200	1670			James Mooney
195	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Tapanash including Skinpah	2,200	1780			James Mooney
196	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Yazoo	2,000+	1700			Dumont de Montigny
197	Subarctic & Arctic	British Columbia, Canada	Nahani and Tahltan in British Columbia	2,000	1780			James Mooney
198	NE Woodlands	New England	Nauset	2,000	1600	24		W. M. Denevan & J. R. Swanton
199	NE Woodlands	Middle Colonies	Wenro	2,000	1600			J. N. B. Hewitt
200	Subarctic & Arctic	District of Mackenzie, Canada	Awokanak	2,000	1857			Emile Petitot
201	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Hualapai	2,000	1869			J. Ross Browne
202	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Cayuse	2,000	1835			Samuel Parker
203	Northwest Plateau	British Columbia, Canada	Sinixt	2,000+	1780	20+		James Teit
204	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Nuxalk	2,000	1835			Wilson Duff
205	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Quatsino	2,000	1839			HBC Indian Census 1839
206	Great Plains	Saskatchewan, Canada	Fall Indians	2,000	1804			Extinct Native American tribes of North America
207	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Samish	2,000+	1845			Edmund Clare Fitzhugh
208	Subarctic & Arctic	District of Athabasca, Canada	Etheneldeli	2,000	1875			Émile Petitot
209	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Klallam	2,000	1780			James Mooney
210	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Chakchiuma	2,000	1702		400 families in 1702	Bienville
211	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Coos and Miluk	2,000	1780			James Mooney
212	Southwest	Mexican Cession	Qnigyuma	2,000	1680			James Mooney
213	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies	Cusabo and Cusso	1,900	1600			James Mooney & Carolina – The Native Americans
214	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Chimnapum	1,860	1805		42 lodges	Lewis and Clark
215	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Wanapum	1,800	1780			James Mooney
216	Northwest Coast	British Columbia, Canada	Squamish	1,800	1780			James Mooney
217	Subarctic & Arctic	Nunavik, Quebec, Canada	Nunavik Inuit	1,800	1600			James Mooney
218	SE Woodlands	Old Southwest	Houma	1,750	1699		140 cabins and 350 warriors	Pierre d'Iberville
219	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Shahala	1,700	1780			James Mooney
220	Northwest Plateau	Oregon Country	Sanpoil	1,700	1780		45+ houses	Verne F. Ray and George Gibbs
221	Northwest Coast	Oregon Country	Coquille	1,650	1800	33		James Owen Dorsey
222	SE Woodlands	Southern Colonies Books 1 Wuthering Heights 287,720 2 Lord of the Flies 41,046 3 Tales of Dunk and Egg 18,945 4 Jane Eyre 12,439 5 The Housemaid (novel) 12,142 6 Project Hail Mary 10,852 7 Hamlet 10,112 8 The Museum of Innocence 9,847 9 A Song of Ice and Fire 9,709 10 Dungeon Crawler Carl 8,128 Films 1 Wuthering Heights (2026 film) 229,998 2 XXX (film series) 93,035 3 The Housemaid (2025 film) 89,567 4 Marty Supreme 78,861 5 Predator: Badlands 63,332 6 Dhurandhar 59,019 7 Goat (2026 film) 50,146 8 XXX: Return of Xander Cage 49,188 9 XXX (2002 film) 48,294 10 Crime 101 (2026 film) 44,231 Programming Languages 1 C (programming language) 3,623 2 Python (programming language) 3,095 3 JavaScript 2,004 4 C++ 1,491 5 Go (programming language) 1,470 6 Scratch (programming language) 1,469 7 Rust (programming language) 1,429 8 R (programming language) 1,340 9 Java (programming language) 1,308 10 Bash (Unix shell) 1,061 TV Series 1 A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms (TV series) 109,423 2 Love Story (2026 TV series) 77,103 3 How to Get to Heaven from Belfast 62,374 4 The Lincoln Lawyer (TV series) 52,913 5 The Pitt 39,497 6 Heated Rivalry 39,462 7 Bridgerton 36,101 8 Small Prophets 34,593 9 The Night Manager (British TV series) 32,230 10 The 'Burbs (TV series) 28,506 Video Games 1 Wordle 34,614 2 Reanimal 20,783 3 Mewgenics 15,526 4 Resident Evil Requiem 12,982 5 God of War (franchise) 11,920 6 Roblox 11,116 7 High on Life 2 9,572 8 Minecraft 9,458 9 Iron Lung (video game) 9,307 10 Grand Theft Auto V 9,084 © 2026 OWIKI.org. Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Uplink Status: ONLINE Version: 1.01