Demographics of Portugal
Demographic features of the population of Portugal include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. As of 2024, Portugal had an estimated population of 10,749,635 inhabitants. Its population density, at, is slightly higher than that of most EU countries, moderately surpassing the EU average of.
High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1980s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, almost one in five Portuguese was over 65 years old. Lately, Portugal has been experiencing a short growth in birth rates. The total fertility rate has climbed from an all-time low of 1.21 children per woman in 2013 to 1.43 in 2022, still well below replacement level.
Portugal is a fairly linguistically and religiously homogeneous country. Ethnically, the Portuguese people form a big majority of the total population in Portugal. The Portuguese people are mainly a combination of ancient paleolithic populations, and the proto-Celtic, Celtic, and the para-Celtic Lusitanians. Some other groups, like the Romans, Germanic and later the Moorish, Sephardic Jewish, and the French also passed through the country.
Today, Brazilians, Britons, Indians, Italians, French, Ukrainians, Nepalis and countries members of PALOP are the main immigrants and form the major foreign communities in the country.
Portuguese is spoken throughout the country, with only some villages near the northern municipality of Miranda do Douro speaking Mirandese, locally recognised as a co-official language.
Population
Due to a decrease in emigration and an increase in immigration during the late 1990s and early 2000s, Portugal's population grew steadily, reaching a peak of 10,573,479 in December 2009. However, following the 2008 financial crisis, emigration surged and immigration declined, and these trends, combined with persistently low birth rates and an aging population, led to a gradual population decline. By 2018, the population had decreased by about 2.27% from its 2009 peak. From then onwards, however, net migration became positive again, supported by a renewed influx of immigrants and a slight rise in birth rates. As a result, Portugal's population resumed growth and, by 2023, had already surpassed the 2009 peak.The distribution of the population is widely uneven; the most densely populated areas are the Lisbon metropolitan area, the metropolitan areas of Porto and the Atlantic coast, while other vast areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of Alentejo, the Trás-os-Montes and Serra da Estrela highlands, and the lesser islands of the Azores archipelago.
Note: Crude migration change is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change minus natural change of the current year. As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
The population of the country almost doubled during the twentieth century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural North to the industrial cities of Lisbon and Porto, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the robust economic growth and structural modernisation, owing to a liberalisation of the economy of the 1960s.
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.
;Total population:
;Age structure of the resident population
;Median age:
;Birth rate:
;Death rate:
;Total fertility rate:
;Net migration rate:
;Population growth rate:
;Mother's mean age at first birth:
;Life expectancy at birth:
| Period | Life expectancy in Years | Period | Life expectancy in Years |
| 1950–1955 | 60.3 | 1990–1995 | 74.9 |
| 1955–1960 | 62.4 | 1995–2000 | 76.0 |
| 1960–1965 | 64.5 | 2000–2005 | 77.6 |
| 1965–1970 | 66.4 | 2005–2010 | 79.3 |
| 1970–1975 | 68.3 | 2010–2015 | 80.5 |
| 1975–1980 | 70.4 | 2015–2020 | 81.1 |
| 1980–1985 | 72.5 | 2020–2024 | 82.6 |
| 1985–1990 | 74.0 |
Source: UN World Population Prospects
;Infant mortality rate:
;Infant mortality rate
| Years | 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 |
| Deaths/1,000 live births | 77.5 | 88.8 | 78.6 | 73.1 | 69.0 | 64.9 | 64.7 | 59.2 | 61.1 | 55.8 | 55.5 | 51.9 | 41.4 | 44.8 | 37.9 | 38.9 |
| Years | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 |
| Deaths/1,000 live births | 33.4 | 30.3 | 29.1 | 26.0 | 24.3 | 21.8 | 19.8 | 19.2 | 16.7 | 17.8 | 15.8 | 14.3 | 13.0 | 12.1 | 10.9 | 10.8 |
| Years | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| Deaths/1,000 live births | 9.2 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
| Years | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Deaths/1,000 live births | 3.3 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 |
| Years | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Deaths/1,000 live births | 3.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
;Dependency ratios:
;Urbanization:
;Sex ratio:
Vital statistics
Vital statistics since 1890
Source:Notable events in Portuguese demographics:
- 1910 – 5 October 1910 revolution;
- 1914–1919 – World War I;
- 1918–1920 – Spanish flu
- 1961–1974 – Portuguese Colonial War and massive emigration of thousands of Portuguese citizens;
- 1974–1976 – Arrival of nearly 600,000 Portuguese citizens, called Returnees, from African colonies;
- 2010–2014 – Portuguese financial crisis and bailout, with a surge in emigration of young population;
- 2020–present – Big population increase due to wave of immigrants;
| Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate | Crude death rate | Natural change | Crude migration change | Total fertility rates | |
| 1890 | 5,050,000 | 164,630 | 127,260 | 37,370 | 32.6 | 25.2 | 7.4 | 4.24 | |
| 1891 | 5,070,000 | 162,240 | 115,596 | 46,644 | 32.0 | 22.8 | 9.2 | -3.4 | 4.16 |
| 1892 | 5,110,000 | 159,432 | 103,733 | 55,699 | 31.2 | 20.3 | 10.9 | -1.3 | 4.06 |
| 1893 | 5,150,000 | 164,285 | 110,210 | 54,075 | 31.9 | 21.4 | 10.5 | 3.1 | 4.15 |
| 1894 | 5,180,000 | 153,846 | 107,226 | 46,620 | 29.7 | 20.7 | 9.0 | -4.7 | 3.86 |
| 1895 | 5,220,000 | 156,600 | 108,576 | 48,024 | 30.0 | 20.8 | 9.2 | -1.3 | 3.90 |
| 1896 | 5,260,000 | 157,800 | 119,402 | 38,398 | 30.0 | 22.7 | 7.3 | -1.5 | 3.90 |
| 1897 | 5,300,000 | 161,120 | 116,070 | 45,050 | 30.4 | 21.9 | 8.5 | 0.3 | 3.95 |
| 1898 | 5,330,000 | 161,966 | 114,062 | 47,904 | 30.2 | 21.4 | 8.8 | -2.8 | 3.93 |
| 1899 | 5,370,000 | 160,563 | 108,474 | 52,089 | 29.9 | 20.2 | 9.7 | -1.5 | 3.89 |
| 1900 | 5,410,000 | 165,245 | 110,330 | 54,915 | 30.5 | 20.3 | 10.2 | -2.8 | 3.96 |
| 1901 | 5,460,000 | 170,773 | 114,130 | 56,643 | 31.3 | 20.9 | 10.4 | -1.2 | 4.07 |
| 1902 | 5,490,000 | 176,029 | 108,378 | 67,651 | 32.0 | 19.7 | 12.4 | -6.9 | 4.16 |
| 1903 | 5,560,000 | 183,138 | 111,685 | 71,453 | 33.0 | 20.1 | 12.9 | -0.1 | 4.29 |
| 1904 | 5,600,000 | 176,726 | 105,572 | 71,154 | 31.6 | 18.9 | 12.7 | -5.5 | 4.11 |
| 1905 | 5,660,000 | 179,746 | 112,756 | 66,990 | 31.8 | 20.0 | 11.8 | -1.1 | 4.13 |
| 1906 | 5,690,000 | 182,920 | 125,243 | 57,677 | 32.1 | 22.0 | 10.1 | -4.8 | 4.17 |
| 1907 | 5,730,000 | 176,417 | 113,254 | 63,163 | 30.7 | 19.7 | 11.0 | -4.0 | 3.99 |
| 1908 | 5,790,000 | 175,268 | 115,876 | 59,392 | 30.3 | 20.0 | 10.2 | 0.3 | 3.94 |
| 1909 | 5,850,000 | 174,753 | 112,421 | 62,332 | 29.9 | 19.2 | 10.8 | -0.3 | 3.89 |
| 1910 | 5,890,000 | 186,953 | 113,161 | 73,792 | 31.7 | 19.2 | 12.5 | -5.7 | 4.12 |
| 1911 | 5,960,000 | 230,033 | 130,900 | 99,133 | 38.6 | 22.0 | 16.6 | -4.7 | 5.02 |
| 1912 | 5,960,000 | 207,870 | 119,578 | 88,292 | 34.9 | 20.1 | 14.8 | -14.8 | 4.54 |
| 1913 | 5,970,000 | 193,906 | 123,054 | 70,852 | 32.5 | 20.6 | 11.9 | -10.2 | 4.22 |
| 1914 | 5,980,000 | 188,479 | 115,526 | 72,953 | 31.5 | 19.3 | 12.0 | -10.3 | 4.09 |
| 1915 | 5,990,000 | 195,225 | 122,513 | 72,712 | 32.6 | 20.5 | 12.0 | -10.3 | 4.24 |
| 1916 | 6,000,000 | 192,780 | 129,389 | 63,391 | 32.1 | 21.6 | 10.7 | -9.0 | 4.17 |
| 1917 | 6,000,000 | 188,391 | 134,082 | 54,309 | 31.4 | 22.3 | 9.1 | -9.1 | 4.08 |
| 1918 | 6,020,000 | 178,687 | 248,978 | -70,291 | 29.7 | 41.4 | -11.6 | 14.9 | 3.86 |
| 1919 | 6,020,000 | 166,162 | 152,856 | 13,306 | 27.6 | 25.4 | 2.2 | -2.2 | 3.59 |
| 1920 | 6,040,000 | 202,908 | 142,862 | 60,046 | 33.6 | 23.7 | 9.9 | -6.6 | 4.37 |
| 1921 | 6,070,000 | 197,022 | 126,316 | 70,706 | 32.4 | 20.8 | 11.7 | -6.7 | 4.21 |
| 1922 | 6,170,000 | 203,727 | 125,747 | 77,980 | 33.1 | 20.4 | 12.6 | 3.9 | 4.3 |
| 1923 | 6,240,000 | 207,172 | 141,775 | 65,397 | 33.2 | 22.7 | 10.5 | 0.8 | 4.32 |
| 1924 | 6,310,000 | 207,440 | 126,052 | 81,388 | 32.8 | 20.0 | 12.8 | -1.6 | 4.26 |
| 1925 | 6,370,000 | 208,434 | 117,413 | 91,021 | 32.6 | 18.4 | 14.3 | -4.8 | 4.24 |
| 1926 | 6,470,000 | 214,633 | 127,959 | 86,674 | 33.5 | 19.8 | 13.4 | 2.3 | 4.36 |
| 1927 | 6,550,000 | 199,399 | 123,382 | 76,017 | 31.0 | 18.8 | 11.6 | 0.8 | 4.03 |
| 1928 | 6,620,000 | 211,314 | 124,088 | 87,226 | 31.9 | 18.7 | 13.2 | -2.5 | 4.15 |
| 1929 | 6,720,000 | 200,874 | 118,824 | 82,050 | 29.9 | 17.7 | 12.2 | 2.9 | 3.89 |
| 1930 | 6,804,000 | 202,529 | 116,352 | 86,177 | 29.7 | 17.1 | 12.7 | -0.2 | 3.86 |
| 1931 | 6,860,000 | 204,120 | 115,225 | 88,895 | 29.7 | 16.8 | 13.0 | -4.8 | 3.86 |
| 1932 | 6,968,000 | 208,062 | 118,895 | 89,167 | 29.9 | 17.1 | 12.8 | 2.9 | 3.89 |
| 1933 | 7,057,000 | 204,315 | 120,996 | 83,319 | 28.9 | 17.2 | 11.8 | 1.0 | 3.88 |
| 1934 | 7,147,000 | 203,158 | 118,539 | 84,619 | 28.4 | 16.6 | 11.8 | 1.0 | 3.74 |
| 1935 | 7,237,000 | 203,943 | 123,051 | 80,892 | 28.2 | 17.0 | 11.2 | 1.4 | 3.59 |
| 1936 | 7,326,000 | 205,615 | 119,003 | 86,612 | 28.1 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 0.5 | 3.45 |
| 1937 | 7,416,000 | 198,217 | 117,291 | 80,926 | 26.7 | 15.8 | 10.9 | 1.4 | 3.39 |
| 1938 | 7,506,000 | 199,467 | 115,331 | 84,136 | 26.6 | 15.4 | 11.2 | 0.9 | 3.34 |
| 1939 | 7,595,000 | 198,888 | 116,075 | 82,813 | 26.2 | 15.3 | 10.9 | 1.0 | 3.28 |
| 1940 | 7,696,000 | 187,892 | 120,486 | 67,406 | 24.4 | 15.7 | 8.8 | 4.5 | 3.22 |
| 1941 | 7,750,000 | 184,336 | 134,937 | 49,399 | 23.8 | 17.4 | 6.4 | 0.6 | 3.12 |
| 1942 | 7,810,000 | 187,503 | 126,531 | 60,972 | 24.0 | 16.1 | 7.8 | -0.1 | 3.14 |
| 1943 | 7,890,000 | 198,101 | 121,887 | 76,214 | 25.1 | 15.3 | 9.7 | 0.5 | 3.27 |
| 1944 | 7,960,000 | 201,373 | 119,275 | 82,098 | 25.3 | 14.8 | 10.3 | -1.4 | 3.28 |
| 1945 | 8,040,000 | 209,131 | 115,596 | 93,535 | 26.0 | 14.2 | 11.6 | -1.5 | 3.39 |
| 1946 | 8,100,000 | 205,825 | 120,800 | 85,025 | 25.4 | 14.9 | 10.5 | -3.0 | 3.29 |
| 1947 | 8,180,000 | 200,488 | 110,437 | 90,051 | 24.5 | 13.5 | 11.0 | -1.1 | 3.14 |
| 1948 | 8,262,000 | 220,981 | 107,576 | 113,405 | 26.7 | 13.0 | 13.7 | -3.7 | 3.42 |
| 1949 | 8,333,000 | 212,260 | 117,499 | 94,761 | 25.5 | 14.1 | 11.4 | -2.8 | 3.23 |
| 1950 | 8,405,000 | 205,163 | 102,798 | 102,365 | 24.4 | 12.2 | 12.2 | -3.6 | 3.1 |
| 1951 | 8,459,000 | 207,870 | 105,473 | 102,397 | 24.6 | 12.5 | 12.1 | -5.7 | 3.1 |
| 1952 | 8,496,000 | 211,213 | 100,486 | 110,727 | 24.9 | 11.8 | 13.0 | -8.6 | 3.1 |
| 1953 | 8,534,000 | 202,135 | 97,460 | 104,675 | 23.7 | 11.4 | 12.3 | -7.8 | 3.1 |
| 1954 | 8,570,000 | 197,536 | 95,088 | 102,448 | 23.0 | 11.1 | 12.0 | -7.8 | 3.1 |
| 1955 | 8,610,000 | 209,790 | 99,472 | 110,318 | 24.4 | 11.6 | 12.8 | -8.1 | 3.1 |
| 1956 | 8,647,000 | 202,667 | 106,919 | 95,748 | 23.4 | 12.4 | 11.1 | -6.8 | 3.11 |
| 1957 | 8,680,000 | 211,494 | 101,784 | 109,710 | 24.4 | 11.7 | 12.6 | -8.8 | 3.12 |
| 1958 | 8,725,000 | 212,467 | 91,891 | 120,576 | 24.4 | 10.5 | 13.8 | -8.6 | 3.13 |
| 1959 | 8,826,000 | 213,062 | 97,754 | 115,308 | 24.3 | 11.1 | 13.1 | -1.5 | 3.15 |
| 1960 | 8,865,000 | 213,895 | 95,009 | 118,886 | 23.9 | 10.6 | 13.3 | 8.9 | 3.16 |
| 1961 | 8,929,000 | 217,516 | 99,590 | 117,926 | 24.3 | 11.1 | 13.2 | -6.0 | 3.18 |
| 1962 | 8,994,000 | 220,200 | 96,864 | 123,336 | 24.4 | 10.7 | 13.7 | -6.4 | 3.18 |
| 1963 | 9,031,000 | 212,152 | 98,011 | 114,141 | 23.4 | 10.8 | 12.6 | -8.5 | 3.19 |
| 1964 | 9,034,000 | 217,136 | 96,878 | 120,258 | 23.8 | 10.6 | 13.2 | -12.9 | 3.19 |
| 1965 | 8,999,000 | 210,299 | 95,187 | 115,112 | 23.0 | 10.4 | 12.6 | -16.5 | 3.18 |
| 1966 | 8,931,000 | 206,940 | 100,088 | 106,852 | 22.7 | 11.0 | 12 | -19.6 | 3.16 |
| 1967 | 8,875,000 | 202,061 | 95,816 | 106,245 | 22.2 | 10.5 | 11.7 | -18.0 | 3.13 |
| 1968 | 8,837,000 | 194,962 | 94,661 | 100,301 | 21.4 | 10.4 | 11.0 | -15.3 | 3.09 |
| 1969 | 8,758,000 | 189,739 | 101,088 | 88,651 | 20.9 | 11.1 | 9.7 | -18.6 | 3.05 |
| 1970 | 8,663,252 | 180,690 | 92,854 | 87,836 | 20.9 | 10.7 | 10.1 | -20.9 | 2.99 |
| 1971 | 8,624,258 | 181,243 | 98,355 | 82,888 | 21.0 | 11.4 | 9.6 | -14.1 | 2.99 |
| 1972 | 8,636,603 | 174,685 | 90,025 | 84,660 | 20.2 | 10.4 | 9.8 | -8.4 | 2.85 |
| 1973 | 8,629,598 | 172,324 | 95,239 | 77,085 | 20.0 | 11.0 | 8.9 | -9.7 | 2.76 |
| 1974 | 8,879,127 | 171,979 | 96,837 | 75,142 | 19.4 | 10.9 | 8.5 | 20.2 | 2.69 |
| 1975 | 9,307,815 | 179,648 | 97,750 | 81,898 | 19.3 | 10.5 | 8.8 | 39.5 | 2.75 |
| 1976 | 9,403,809 | 186,712 | 101,843 | 84,869 | 19.9 | 10.8 | 9.0 | 1.3 | 2.81 |
| 1977 | 9,507,536 | 181,064 | 95,917 | 85,147 | 19.0 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 2.0 | 2.68 |
| 1978 | 9,608,959 | 167,467 | 96,042 | 71,425 | 17.4 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 3.3 | 2.45 |
| 1979 | 9,713,570 | 160,311 | 92,566 | 67,745 | 16.5 | 9.5 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 2.31 |
| 1980 | 9,818,980 | 158,309 | 94,794 | 63,515 | 16.1 | 9.7 | 6.5 | 4.4 | 2.25 |
| 1981 | 9,883,670 | 152,071 | 95,728 | 56,343 | 15.4 | 9.7 | 5.7 | 0.9 | 2.13 |
| 1982 | 9,939,871 | 151,002 | 92,379 | 58,623 | 15.2 | 9.3 | 5.9 | -0.2 | 2.08 |
| 1983 | 9,975,859 | 144,296 | 96,179 | 48,117 | 14.5 | 9.6 | 4.8 | -1.2 | 1.96 |
| 1984 | 10,016,605 | 142,783 | 96,975 | 45,808 | 14.3 | 9.7 | 4.6 | -0.5 | 1.91 |
| 1985 | 10,030,621 | 130,450 | 97,085 | 33,365 | 13.0 | 9.7 | 3.3 | -1.9 | 1.73 |
| 1986 | 10,034,846 | 126,715 | 95,521 | 31,194 | 12.6 | 9.5 | 3.1 | -2.7 | 1.67 |
| 1987 | 10,025,215 | 123,179 | 95,102 | 28,077 | 12.3 | 9.5 | 2.8 | -3.8 | 1.63 |
| 1988 | 10,014,005 | 122,093 | 97,844 | 24,249 | 12.2 | 9.8 | 2.4 | -3.5 | 1.62 |
| 1989 | 9,995,995 | 118,483 | 95,743 | 22,740 | 11.9 | 9.6 | 2.3 | -4.1 | 1.58 |
| 1990 | 9,970,441 | 116,321 | 102,768 | 13,553 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 1.4 | -4.0 | 1.57 |
| 1991 | 9,950,029 | 116,299 | 103,882 | 12,417 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 1.2 | -3.2 | 1.56 |
| 1992 | 9,954,958 | 114,924 | 100,638 | 14,286 | 11.5 | 10.1 | 1.4 | -0.9 | 1.54 |
| 1993 | 9,974,391 | 113,960 | 105,950 | 8,010 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.52 |
| 1994 | 10,008,659 | 109,227 | 99,232 | 9,995 | 10.9 | 9.9 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 1.45 |
| 1995 | 10,043,693 | 107,097 | 103,475 | 3,622 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 1.41 |
| 1996 | 10,084,196 | 110,261 | 106,881 | 3,380 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 1.45 |
| 1997 | 10,133,758 | 112,933 | 104,778 | 8,155 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 1.47 |
| 1998 | 10,186,634 | 113,384 | 106,198 | 7,186 | 11.1 | 10.4 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 1.48 |
| 1999 | 10,249,022 | 116,002 | 107,871 | 8,131 | 11.3 | 10.5 | 0.8 | 5.3 | 1.51 |
| 2000 | 10,330,774 | 120,008 | 105,364 | 14,644 | 11.6 | 10.2 | 1.4 | 6.6 | 1.55 |
| 2001 | 10,394,669 | 112,774 | 105,092 | 7,682 | 10.8 | 10.1 | 0.7 | 5.5 | 1.45 |
| 2002 | 10,444,592 | 114,383 | 106,258 | 8,125 | 11.0 | 10.2 | 0.8 | 4.0 | 1.47 |
| 2003 | 10,473,050 | 112,515 | 108,795 | 3,720 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 1.44 |
| 2004 | 10,494,672 | 109,298 | 102,012 | 7,286 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.41 |
| 2005 | 10,511,988 | 109,399 | 107,464 | 1,935 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 1.42 |
| 2006 | 10,532,588 | 105,449 | 101,990 | 3,459 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 1.38 |
| 2007 | 10,553,339 | 102,492 | 103,512 | -1,020 | 9.7 | 9.8 | -0.1 | 2.1 | 1.35 |
| 2008 | 10,563,014 | 104,594 | 104,280 | 314 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.40 |
| 2009 | 10,573,479 | 99,491 | 104,434 | -4,943 | 9.4 | 9.9 | -0.5 | 1.5 | 1.35 |
| 2010 | 10,572,721 | 101,381 | 105,954 | -4,573 | 9.6 | 10.0 | -0.4 | 0.3 | 1.39 |
| 2011 | 10,558,950 | 96,856 | 102,848 | -5,992 | 9.2 | 9.8 | -0.6 | -0.7 | 1.35 |
| 2012 | 10,503,889 | 89,841 | 107,612 | -17,771 | 8.6 | 10.3 | -1.7 | -3.5 | 1.28 |
| 2013 | 10,444,092 | 82,787 | 106,554 | -23,767 | 7.9 | 10.2 | -2.3 | -3.4 | 1.21 |
| 2014 | 10,395,121 | 82,367 | 104,843 | -22,476 | 7.9 | 10.1 | -2.2 | -2.5 | 1.23 |
| 2015 | 10,368,554 | 85,500 | 108,539 | -23,039 | 8.3 | 10.5 | -2.2 | -0.4 | 1.30 |
| 2016 | 10,344,478 | 87,126 | 110,573 | -23,447 | 8.5 | 10.7 | -2.3 | 0 | 1.36 |
| 2017 | 10,335,770 | 86,154 | 109,758 | -23,604 | 8.4 | 10.7 | -2.3 | 1.5 | 1.37 |
| 2018 | 10,333,496 | 87,020 | 113,051 | -26,031 | 8.5 | 11.0 | -2.5 | 2.3 | 1.41 |
| 2019 | 10,375,395 | 86,579 | 111,843 | -25,264 | 8.4 | 10.9 | -2.4 | 6.5 | 1.42 |
| 2020 | 10,394,297 | 84,530 | 123,396 | -38,866 | 8.2 | 12.0 | -3.8 | 5.6 | 1.40 |
| 2021 | 10,421,117 | 79,582 | 124,841 | -45,220 | 7.7 | 12.0 | -4.3 | 6.9 | 1.34 |
| 2022 | 10,516,621 | 83,671 | 124,311 | -40,640 | 8.0 | 11.9 | -3.9 | 13.0 | 1.42 |
| 2023 | 10,639,726 | 85,994 | 118,895 | -32,901 | 8.1 | 11.2 | -3.1 | 14.7 | 1.44 |
| 2024 | 10,749,635 | 84,642 | 118,374 | -33,732 | 7.9 | 11.1 | -3.2 | 13.4 | 1.40 |
| 2025 | 89,162 | 121,974 | -32,812 |
According to Statistics Portugal, in the year 2024 56,691 children were born to Portuguese-born mothers, while 27,951 were born to foreign-born mothers. Compared to the year 2015, this represents a significant decrease in children born to Portuguese-born mothers and, conversely, an increase in children born to foreign-born mothers, despite the roughly similar overall number of live births.
Structure of the population
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 4 920 220 | 5 422 846 | 10 343 066 | 100.00 |
| 0–4 | 218 527 | 207 185 | 425 712 | 4.07 |
| 5–9 | 222 278 | 210 889 | 433 167 | 4.14 |
| 10–14 | 251 339 | 240 793 | 492 132 | 4.70 |
| 15–19 | 266 963 | 255 595 | 522 558 | 4.99 |
| 20–24 | 287 540 | 273 647 | 560 887 | 5.36 |
| 25–29 | 280 721 | 268 129 | 548 850 | 5.24 |
| 30–34 | 287 493 | 284 268 | 571 761 | 5.46 |
| 35–39 | 305 503 | 314 418 | 619 921 | 5.92 |
| 40–44 | 351 485 | 375 132 | 726 617 | 6.94 |
| 45–49 | 392 737 | 423 651 | 816 388 | 7.80 |
| 50–54 | 366 189 | 400 157 | 766 346 | 7.32 |
| 55–59 | 351 700 | 397 580 | 749 280 | 7.16 |
| 60–64 | 339 143 | 386 682 | 725 825 | 6.93 |
| 65–69 | 309 373 | 359 065 | 668 438 | 6.39 |
| 70–74 | 282 050 | 335 766 | 617 816 | 5.90 |
| 75–79 | 215 263 | 278 986 | 494 249 | 4.72 |
| 80–84 | 148 007 | 211 012 | 359 019 | 3.43 |
| 85+ | 125 800 | 242 600 | 368 400 | 3.52 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 692 144 | 658 867 | 1 351 011 | 12.91 |
| 15–64 | 3 272 879 | 3 335 554 | 6 608 433 | 63.13 |
| 65+ | 1 036 788 | 1 386 851 | 2 507 922 | 23.96 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 5 140 276 | 5 609 359 | 10 749 635 | 100.00 |
| 0–4 | 220 086 | 207 377 | 427 463 | 3.98 |
| 5–9 | 233 624 | 221 883 | 455 507 | 4.24 |
| 10–14 | 243 599 | 232 920 | 476 519 | 4.43 |
| 15–19 | 268 162 | 258 998 | 527 160 | 4.90 |
| 20–24 | 289 623 | 281 268 | 570 891 | 5.31 |
| 25–29 | 302 498 | 290 466 | 592 964 | 5.52 |
| 30–34 | 308 727 | 301 687 | 610 414 | 5.68 |
| 35–39 | 311 627 | 316 321 | 627 948 | 5.84 |
| 40–44 | 352 567 | 371 643 | 724 210 | 6.74 |
| 45–49 | 392 447 | 422 057 | 814 504 | 7.58 |
| 50–54 | 382 410 | 419 694 | 802 104 | 7.46 |
| 55–59 | 355 426 | 399 864 | 755 290 | 7.03 |
| 60–64 | 349 270 | 400 047 | 749 317 | 6.97 |
| 65–69 | 321 825 | 373 947 | 695 772 | 6.47 |
| 70–74 | 284 282 | 341 054 | 625 336 | 5.82 |
| 75–79 | 233 561 | 298 384 | 531 945 | 4.95 |
| 80–84 | 155 373 | 218 362 | 373 735 | 3.48 |
| 85–89 | 93 879 | 156 944 | 250 823 | 2.33 |
| 90–94 | 34 159 | 74 080 | 108 239 | 1.01 |
| 95–99 | 6 535 | 19 677 | 26 212 | 0.24 |
| 100+ | 596 | 2 686 | 3 282 | 0.03 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 697 309 | 662 180 | 1 359 489 | 12.65 |
| 15–64 | 3 312 757 | 3 462 045 | 6 774 802 | 63.02 |
| 65+ | 1 130 210 | 1 485 134 | 2 615 344 | 24.33 |
Total fertility rate
By region
Source:| Region | TFR |
| Norte | 1.26 |
| Algarve | 1.71 |
| Centro | 1.36 |
| Grande Lisboa | 1.65 |
| Península de Setúbal | 1.72 |
| Alentejo | 1.57 |
| Oeste e Vale do Tejo | 1.45 |
| Região Autónoma dos Açores | 1.33 |
| Região Autónoma da Madeira | 1.22 |
Total fertility rate from 1850 to 1899
The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.| Years | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | 1860 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Portugal | 4.5 | 4.47 | 4.44 | 4.41 | 4.38 | 4.35 | 4.33 | 4.3 | 4.27 | 4.24 | 4.21 |
| Years | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Portugal | 4.17 | 4.18 | 4.19 | 4.2 | 4.21 | 4.22 | 4.23 | 4.24 | 4.23 | 4.22 |
| Years | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Portugal | 4.16 | 4.06 | 4.15 | 3.86 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.95 | 3.93 | 3.89 |
Employment and income
;Unemployment, youth ages 15–24Urban organization
Metropolitan areas and agglomerations
As of 2024, Portugal had two significant agglomerations: the political metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto – Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa and Grande Área Metropolitana do Porto. Together they host 44.87% of the total population.| Image | City | Metropolitan area | Core municipality |
| Lisbon | 3,005,119 | 575,739 | |
| Porto | 1,818,217 | 252,687 |
Largest urban areas
When considering the number of inhabitants in consistent single urban areas, de facto cities in mainland Portugal, per the new with increased density of human-created structures, and excluding suburban and rural areas, Portugal has two cities with about one million inhabitants each, ten others with more than 50,000 inhabitants and 14 cities with populations between 20,000 and 40,000 inhabitants.Largest cities
Portugal has 151 localities with national city status. Every city is included into a municipality. This is a list of population by city, which means that it refers to the number of inhabitants in the city proper, excluding inhabitants from the same municipality but living outside the urban area of the city in other civil parishes of the municipality. In some cases, the entire municipality and the city proper cover the same territory.Largest municipalities by population
The following table lists the largest Portuguese municipalities by population as of 2024. The land area is expressed in km2 and only municipalities with populations of over 100,000 inhabitants are listed. The 26 listed municipalities account for 46.15% of the country's population and for only 5.14% of its total land area.People
Immigration
In 1992, 1.3% of the population was foreign, by 2024 the number had grown to more than 14% or 1,543,697 people.Since the independence of the former African colonies, Portugal saw a steady immigration from Africa, most notably Cape Verde, Angola and Guinea-Bissau, but also São Tomé and Príncipe, Mozambique and former Portuguese India in Asia.
Portugal saw migration waves due to labor shortages since 1999, first from Eastern Europe, in two distinctive groups, a Slav and an East Latin, that stopped and started declining as the labour market became saturated.
Since 2003, most of the immigrants came from Brazil, China and the Indian subcontinent. Family reunification was seen as important for a successful integration in the country, thus the government eased it, and in 2006, more than 6 in 10 new immigrants were family members of legal foreign residents in the country.
There is also a significant number of elderly Western European residents in search of quality of life, namely from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium.
More recently, there is significant migration from the former Portuguese colony of Brazil, as since 2017 more than 30,000 Brazilians immigrate to Portugal annually.
Below is a summary table of the main foreign nationalities present in Portugal according to the latest AIMA data. As of December 31, 2024, there were 1,543,697 legally resident people in Portugal with foreign citizenship. These include both citizens born in Portugal with foreign citizenship and foreign immigrants. Descendants of immigrants are excluded and those who, regardless of place of birth or citizenship at birth, were Portuguese citizens. Among the latter are also naturalized citizens whose data are reported in the next table.
| Nationality | Population | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 BrazilNet migration
Ethnic minorities and persons with disabilitiesPortugal does not collect ethnicity or racial data of its population.Anti-racism laws prohibit and penalize racial discrimination in housing, business, and health services. Discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, education, access to health care, or the provision of other state services is illegal. The law mandates access to public buildings and to newly built private buildings for such persons. LanguagesThe main language spoken as first language by the overwhelming majority of the population is Portuguese.Other autochthonous languages spoken include:Caló, the language of the Portuguese-Romani community. There are about 52,000 Romani people in Portugal.Mirandês, officially recognised as an official language. It enjoys special protection in the area of Miranda do Douro. As of today, there are about 15,000 people who speak the language.Barranquenhu , spoken in the town of Barrancos. As of today, there are about 3,000 speakers of the language.
ReligionThe great majority of the Portuguese population belongs to the Catholic Church. Religious observance remains strong in northern areas, while the population of Lisbon and southern areas are generally less devout.Religious minorities include a little over 400,000 Protestants and Mormons. There are also about 100,000 Muslims and 45,000 Hindus, most of whom came from Goa, a former Portuguese colony on the west coast of India. There are also about 1,500 Jews, 2,000 Baha'i and 35,000 Sikhs. Portugal is also home to about 17,000 Buddhists, mostly Chinese from Macau and a few Indians from Goa. , Portugal is one of the most religious countries in Europe; most Portuguese believe with certainty in the existence of God, and religion plays an important role in the life of most Portuguese. According to the Pew Research Center, 40% of Portuguese Catholics pray daily. Religious map of Portuguese municipalitiesReligion by municipality according with the 2021 Census.EducationLiteracydefinition: age 15 and over can read and write;School life expectancy : |