Demographics of Indonesia
Indonesia is a highly diverse country, both ethnically and linguistically. The country's population reached 270.20 million according to the [2020 Indonesian language|Indonesian census|2020 National language|national census], up from 237.64 million in 2010. As of mid-2025, the official estimate stood at 284.44 million, reflecting an annual growth rate of 1.11%. It remains the fourth most populous country in the world. Java, excluding Madura is home to approximately 54.4% of the national population, making it the most densely populated island globally.
Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967, Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. At this rate, Indonesia's population is no longer projected to surpass the population of the United States, and it is itself projected by the United Nations to be overtaken in population by Nigeria and by Pakistan by 2040. Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to many Western countries, although it is gradually aging due to declining birth rates and rising life expectancy. As of 2017, the median age stood at 30.2 years.
The country is among the most ethnically and linguistically diverse in the world, home to over 600 ethnic groups and more than 700 languages. Since gaining independence, Indonesian has served as the national language and is widely used in education, government, business, and formal communication. However, most Indonesians grow up speaking a regional language as their mother tongue, using Indonesian primarily as a lingua franca for interethnic interaction. Major regional languages include Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Buginese, Balinese, and Batak, among many others. The Javanese, who make up about 40% of the population, have historically held significant political influence, with every president since independence having at least partial or full Javanese ancestry.
Population
| Year | Population | ±% p.a. |
| 1 | 2,000,000 | — |
| 1000 | 3,500,000 | +0.06% |
| 1500 | 7,750,000 | +0.16% |
| 1700 | 9,500,000 | +0.10% |
| 1840 | 20,000,000 | — |
| 1930 | 60,727,233 | +0.81% |
| 1955 | 77,473,268 | +0.98% |
| 1961 | 97,085,348 | +3.83% |
| 1971 | 119,208,229 | +2.07% |
| 1976 | 141,862,419 | +3.54% |
| 1980 | 147,490,298 | +0.98% |
| 1990 | 179,378,946 | +1.98% |
| 2000 | 206,264,595 | +1.41% |
| 2010 | 237,641,326 | +1.43% |
| 2020 | 270,203,917 | +1.29% |
Source: Our World in Data, Statistics Indonesia, Wertheim, Geografi dan Kependudukan, Widjojo Nitisastro
Population by province
Source: Population Census 2010, except for final column, taken from Population Census 2020.Note: North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 ; the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting.
Age structure
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group :| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 135 337 011 | 134 266 419 | 269 603 430 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 11 101 528 | 10 850 465 | 21 951 993 | 8.14 |
| 5–9 | 11 205 657 | 10 739 503 | 21 945 160 | 8.14 |
| 10–14 | 11 284 333 | 10 884 509 | 22 168 842 | 8.22 |
| 15–19 | 11 189 861 | 10 949 531 | 22 139 392 | 8.21 |
| 20–24 | 11 070 774 | 10 887 555 | 21 958 329 | 8.14 |
| 25–29 | 10 963 605 | 10 736 361 | 21 699 966 | 8.05 |
| 30–34 | 10 777 337 | 10 524 673 | 21 302 010 | 7.90 |
| 35–39 | 10 477 475 | 10 305 704 | 20 783 179 | 7.71 |
| 40–44 | 9 830 929 | 9 693 109 | 19 524 038 | 7.24 |
| 45–49 | 9 140 315 | 9 023 924 | 18 164 239 | 6.74 |
| 50–54 | 7 975 551 | 7 947 477 | 15 923 028 | 5.91 |
| 55–59 | 6 632 329 | 6 691 467 | 13 323 796 | 4.94 |
| 60–64 | 5 234 762 | 5 287 052 | 10 521 814 | 3.90 |
| 65-69 | 3 758 966 | 3 921 263 | 7 680 229 | 2.85 |
| 70-74 | 2 485 308 | 2 757 062 | 5 242 370 | 1.94 |
| 75+ | 2 208 281 | 3 066 764 | 5 275 045 | 1.96 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 33 591 518 | 32 474 477 | 66 065 995 | 24.50 |
| 15–64 | 93 292 938 | 92 046 853 | 185 339 791 | 68.75 |
| 65+ | 8 452 555 | 9 745 089 | 18 197 644 | 6.75 |
Vital statistics
United Nations estimates
Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022Demographic and Health Surveys
Total Fertility Rate and Crude Birth Rate :Fertility rate and aging population (by province)
Total fertility rate and population over age 60 by region as of 2010:Marriages and Divorces
| Year | Mid-year population | Marriages | Divorces |
| 2007 | 234,858,000 | 1,944,569 | 175,713 |
| 2008 | 237,937,000 | 2,194,037 | 193,189 |
| 2009 | 240,981,000 | 2,162,115 | 223,371 |
| 2010 | 238,518,800 | 2,207,224 | 285,184 |
| 2011 | 247,100,000 | 2,319,821 | 276,791 |
| 2012 | 250,223,000 | 2,289,648 | 346,480 |
| 2013 | 253,276,000 | 2,210,046 | 324,247 |
| 2014 | 256,230,000 | 2,110,776 | 344,237 |
| 2015 | 255,587,500 | 1,958,394 | 347,256 |
| 2016 | 258,496,500 | 1,837,185 | 365,633 |
| 2018 | 264,161,600 | 2,016,171 | 408,202 |
| 2019 | 266,911,900 | 1,968,978 | 439,002 |
| 2020 | 270,203,900 | 1,780,346 | 291,677 |
| 2021 | 272,682,500 | 1,742,049 | 447,743 |
| 2022 | 275,773,000 | 1,705,348 | 516,344 |
| 2023 | 278,696,200 | 1,577,255 | 463,654 |
| 2024 | 281,603,800 | 1,478,302 | 394,608 |
Note: No data is available for 2017.
Ethnic groups
Indonesia is a country of great ethnic diversity, with approximately 600 distinct indigenous ethnic groups living side by side across more than 17,000 islands. The majority of Indonesia's population is descended from Austronesian peoples who are concentrated in western and central Indonesia, which is part of the Asian continent. Another large group is the Melanesian peoples, who inhabit the eastern part of Indonesia in Oceania.The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, accounting for 40.2% of the population and are culturally, economically, and politically dominant. The Javanese are concentrated in Java, the most populous island, especially in the central and eastern parts, and also in significant numbers in most provinces due to extensive migration throughout the archipelago. The Sundanese are the next largest group, followed by the Malays, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis. A sense of Indonesian nationalism is present along with strong ethnic and regional identities.