Hyeong

The Korean terms hyeong, pumse, poomsae and teul are all used to refer to martial arts forms that are typically used in Korean martial arts such as Taekwondo and Tang Soo Do.

Hyeong is often romanized as hyung. This term is used primarily in earlier styles of taekwondo, often referred to as traditional taekwondo.
Pumse is often romanized as poomsae or poomse. This term is used primarily in Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo.
Teul is often romanized as tul. This term is used primarily in ITF-style taekwondo.

A hyeong is a systematic, prearranged sequence of martial techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon. In traditional dojangs, hyeong are used primarily as a form of interval training that is useful in developing mushin, proper kinetics and mental and physical fortitude. Hyeong may resemble combat, but are artistically non-combative and woven together so as to be an effective conditioning tool. One's aptitude for a particular hyeong may be evaluated in competition. In such competitions, hyeong are evaluated by a panel of judges who base the score on many factors including energy, precision, speed, and control. In western competitions, there are two general classes of hyeong: creative and standard. Creative hyeong are created by the performer and are generally more acrobatic in nature and do not necessarily reflect the kinetic principles intrinsic in any martial system.

Summary table of taekwondo forms

WT Kukkiwon-style	ITF Chang Hon-style	GTF style	Jhoon Rhee style	ATA Songahm-style
Unofficial Beginner Forms	Beginner Exercises	Beginner Exercises	Beginner Forms
Kicho Hyeong Il Bu, or Kibon Hana	Four Direction Punch	Four Direction Punch	Kamsah
Kicho Hyeong Ee Bu, or Kibon Dool	Four Direction Block	Four Direction Block	Kyu-Yool
Kicho Hyeong Sam Bu, or Kibon Set	Four Direction Thrust	Four Direction Thrust
Color Belt Forms – Taegeuk	Color Belt Forms	Color Belt Forms	Color Belt Forms	Color Belt Forms
Taegeuk Il Jang	Chon-Ji	Chon-Ji	Jayoo	Songahm 1
Taegeuk Ee Jang	Dan-Gun	Dan-Gun	Chosang	Songahm 2
Taegeuk Sam Jang	Do-San	Do-San	Hanguk	Songahm 3
Taegeuk Sa Jang		Jee-Sang	Jung-Yi	Songahm 4
Taegeuk Oh Jang	Won-Hyo	Won-Hyo	Pyung-Wa	Songahm 5
Taegeuk Yook Jang	Yul-Gok	Yul-Gok	Meegook	In Wha 1
Taegeuk Chil Jang		Dhan-Goon	Chasin	In Wha 2
Taegeuk Pal Jang	Joong-Gun	Joong-Gun	Might for Right	Choong Jung 1
	Toi-Gye	Toi-Gye		Choong Jung 2
	Hwa-Rang	Hwa-Rang
	Choong-Moo	Choong-Moo
Black Belt Forms	Black Belt Forms	Black Belt Forms	Black Belt Forms	Black Belt Forms
Koryo	Kwang-Gae	Kwang-Gae	Same as ITF	Shim Jun
Keumgang	Pe-Eun	Po-Eun		Jung Yul
Taebaek	Gae-Baek	Gae-Baek		Chung San
Pyongwon		Jee-Goo		Sok Bong
Sipjin	Eui-Am	Eui-Am		Chung Hae
Jitae	Choong-Jang	Choong-Jang		Jhang Soo
Cheonkwon	Juche or Go-Dang	Go-Dang		Chul Joon
Hansoo		Jook-Am		Jeong Seung
Ilyeo	Sam-Il	Sam-Il
	Yoo-Sin	Yoo-Sin
	Choi-Yong	Choi-Yong
		Pyong-Hwa
	Yon-Gae	Yon-Gae
	Ul-Ji	Ul-Ji
	Moon-Moo	Moon-Moo
		Sun-Duk
	So-San	So-San
	Se-Jong	Se-Jong
	Tong-Il	Tong-Il
	U-Nam
Candidate Demo Forms
Hanryu
Bikkak
New Competition Poomsae
Himchari
Yamang
Saebyeol
Nareusya
Bigak
Eoullim
Saeara
Hansol
Narae
Onnuri

Taekwondo forms

Traditional Taekwondo forms

Beginning in 1946, shortly after the conclusion of the Japanese occupation of Korea, new martial arts schools called kwans were opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists who had studied primarily in Okinawa and China during the Japanese occupation. Accordingly, the martial arts practiced in the kwans was heavily influenced by shotokan karate and Chinese martial arts, though elements of taekkyeon and gwonbeop were also incorporated.
Five of these kwans were established during the interval between World War II and the Korean War. During the Korean War, establishment of new schools was halted; at the conclusion of the war four new schools were established by students from the five original kwans. Collectively, these schools are referred to as the nine original kwans of taekwondo. Each kwan practiced its own style of martial art and employed their own set of forms. The majority of the forms used, however, derived from Shotokan karate. In many cases they were given new names. These forms are still used today in martial arts style such as Tang Soo Do, Soo Bahk Do, Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo, and Chun Kuk Do. The article Karate kata lists many of the forms used in traditional taekwondo:

Three Taegeuk forms are used in Tang Soo Do and traditional Taekwondo as basic, introductory forms for beginners. These correspond to the three Taikyoku forms of Shotokan and are distinctly different from the 8 Taegeuk poomsae practiced in Kukkiwon.
Five Pyung Ahn forms are used in traditional taekwondo as relatively simple, introductory forms. These correspond to the five Pinan forms of Shotokan.
Three Shotokan forms called Naihanchi are used, though sometimes they are called Chul-Gi forms when used in taekwondo.
Shotokan form Bassai is sometimes called Pal-sek.
Chintō is used under the name Chin-Do.
Rōhai is used, sometimes under the name Lohai or Nohai due to the Hangeul spelling and varying regional pronunciations.
Kūsankū is used under the name Kong-Sang-Kun.
Enpi is used under the name Sei-shan.
Jitte is used under the name Ship-soo.
Gojūshiho is used under the name Oh-sip-sa-bo.

In addition to these Shotokan forms, Tang Soo Do and other traditional styles incorporate additional forms as well, many developed by Hwang Kee.

WTF/Kukkiwon Pumsae

-style taekwondo uses the word pumsae for form.
Prior to 1971, Kukkiwon-style taekwondo used a series of eight forms called the palgwae forms for color-belt forms. The term "pal-gwae" refers to the eight trigrams associated with the I Ching hexagrams. Symbolically, each form in the palgwae series corresponds to one trigram. Subsequent to 1971, the palgwae forms were deprecated in favor of eight taegeuk forms. The term taegeuk refers to the principle of the "unity of opposites". Though the movements in the taegeuk forms are different from those of the palgwae forms, each taegeuk form is likewise associated with a corresponding I Ching trigram.
Kukkiwon-style taekwondo uses a series of nine forms for dan-level black belts; this series is called the yudanja series. The first form in the series, Koryo, was replaced by a new form of the same name in 1971, as part of the transition from the palgwae to taegeuk forms.

Color Belt forms

Taegeuk Il Jang/Palgwe Il Jang

The general meaning of this form and associated trigram is Yang, which represents Heaven and Light. Also, this trigram has a relationship to South and Father. The first Taegeuk/Palgwe form is the beginning of all pumsaes, the "birth" of the martial artist into Taekwondo. This pumsae should be performed with the greatness of Heaven.

Taegeuk Ee Jang/Palgae Ee Jang

The associated trigram of this pumsae represents the Lake. Also, related to the symbol is South East and the relationship of the youngest daughter. The movements of this Taegeuk/Palgwe are aimed to be performed believing that man has limitations, but that we can overcome these limitations. The Lake and its water symbolize the flowing and calm nature of the martial artist. This form is to reflect those attributes.

Taegeuk Sam Jang/Palgae Sam Jang

This trigram represents Fire. Related to this symbol is also East and the relationship of the Second Daughter. Fire contains a lot of energy. The symbol behind the fire is similar to the symbolism of the water in that both can aid and both can destroy. This form is intended to be performed rhythmically, with some outbursts of energy to reflect fire's rhythmic and energetic dualism.

Taegeuk Sa Jang/Palgae Sa Jang

This trigram represents Thunder. Also, the trigram is strongly connected to northeast and the relationship of the Eldest son. Thunder comes from the sky and is absorbed by the earth, thus, according to the beliefs of the I Ching, thunder is one of the most powerful natural forces. This pumsae is associated with power and the connection between the heavens and earth. This pumsae is intended to be performed with power resembling the Thunder for which it is named.

Taegeuk O Jang/Palgae O Jang

The trigram associated with this pumsae represents Wind. The trigram is also related to southwest and the relationship with an eldest daughter. The I Ching promotes that wind is a gentle force, but can sometimes be furious, destroying everything in its path. As such, it is intended that this pumsae is performed like the wind: gently, but knowing the ability of mass destruction with a single movement. The performer and audience should be aware of the duality of the form.

Taegeuk Yuk Jang/Palgae Yuk Jang

The trigram associated with this pumsae represents Water. Also, there is a relation to West and the relationship with a Second son. The movements of this pumsae are intended to be performed like water; flowing, powerful and cleansing. Sometimes standing still like water in a lake, sometimes thriving as a river, sometimes powerful like a waterfall. The water is to symbolize calm and cleansing, while also possessing the attribute of being violent and destructive.

Taegeuk Chil Jang/Palgae Chil Jang

The trigram associated with this pumsae represents a Mountain. Also, it represents the northwest and youngest son. The symbolism behind the mountain is the indomitable and majestic nature that all mountains possess. This pumsae is intended to be performed with the feeling that all movements are this majestic due to their unconquerable nature.

Taegeuk Pal Jang/Palgae Pal Jang

The trigram associated with this pumsae represents the Earth. Also, there is a representation of North and Mother. The associated trigram of this pumsae is Yin. Yin, here, represents the end of the beginning, the evil part of all that is good. This being the last of the pumsae Taegeuk, it represents the end of the circle and the cyclic nature of the Earth.