Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid is an immunostimulant. It is used in the form of its sodium salt to simulate viral infections.
Poly I:C is known to interact with toll-like receptor 3, which is expressed at the endosomal membrane of B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Poly I:C is structurally similar to double-stranded RNA, which is present in some viruses and is a "natural" stimulant of TLR3. Thus, Poly I:C can be considered a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA and is a common tool for scientific research on the immune system.
Poly I:C has been shown to activate schizophrenia-like behavior in the offspring of pregnant mice, which can be accompanied by decreased GABAergic transmission in the dentate gyrus.

Chemistry

Poly I:C is a mismatched double-stranded RNA with one strand being a polymer of inosinic acid, the other a polymer of cytidylic acid. Hypoxanthine and cytosine form Watson–Crick base pairs, although with less stability than guanine and cytosine base pairing.

Variants

Optimization of physicochemical properties of poly I:C has led to generation of derivatives that have increased stability in body fluids, or reduced toxicity through reduced stability in body fluids.