Territorial Defence Force (Poland)


The Territorial Defence Forces are the volunteer home guard branch of the Polish Armed Forces. The force is made up of professional and part-time volunteer soldiers, forming part of the country's defence and deterrence system. Formed in 2016, it had reached 24,000 personnel by July 2019, and was slated to reach a size of around 53,000 personnel in 17 light infantry brigades by 2021. The creation of the Polish TDF relates to the reforms in the Baltic states' Territorial Defence Forces to provide response during the early stages of a hybrid conflict.
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History

The Territorial Defence Force is a planned reserve component of Polish Armed Forces. A similar, identically named organization had existed in the country since 1965, but was disbanded in 2008 as part of a modernization program. The re-creation of the Territorial Defence Force was first announced in 2015 in reaction to the war in Donbas and concern that Poland's existing military would be ill-equipped to confront an adversary under similar conditions of low-intensity conflict. According to government officials, public reception to the idea was positive with 11,000 persons registering interest in joining the force within the first few months after the initial announcement. The program was subsequently formalized with the signing of "a new document concerning the functioning of the territorial defense concept" by Minister of Defence of Poland Antoni Macierewicz in a ceremony held at Warsaw's Waldemar Milewicz General Secondary School on 27 April 2016. The force was formally established on 1st of January, 2017.
On 21 May 2017 the first military oath in the history of WOT took place in Białystok, Lublin and Rzeszów.
On the basis of Decision No. 140 / MON of the Minister of National Defense of 28 June 2017, TDF was declared the successor to the traditions of the Home Army National Command of the Second World War, while being the de facto successor to the heritage of its forebears.

Organization

Plans announced in January 2016 called for what officials said would eventually become a 46,000-man contingent, though initially the WOT would consist of just three brigades sited in the north east of the country and funded with an annual appropriation of approximately €60 million; it was later reported the force would have a maximum size of 35,000 personnel. As envisaged, the Territorial Defence Force is to be a part-time, all-volunteer organization, with soldiers receiving 30 days of military training per year. Unlike existing reserve forces, which upon mobilization are integrated into regular components of the Polish military, the Territorial Defence Force will be designed to operate autonomously in home areas and with personnel drawn from the local population. According to Polish military planners, this set-up would be most effective in countering hybrid warfare. As part of the Ministry of Defense acquisition plans for 2017–2022, the total number of volunteers was set to 50,000 and a budget of 3.2 billion zloty outlaid to arm and equip them.
Besides responding to external military threats, the WOT will, according to the Defense Ministry, help strengthen Poland's "patriotic and Christian foundations".
Poland is divided into 16 Voivodeships. The Territorial Defence Troops follow the administrative division with a brigade formed in each voievodship. The exception is the Masovian, which has two territorial defence brigades due to the significance of the capital Warsaw. For mobilisation duties and liaison to the local authorities there is a Voievodship Military Staff in each of the 16 voievodships and the territorial brigades' HQs are located nearby. The commander of the Territorial Defence Troops is a general officer ranking major general and the brigades are commanded by colonels.HQ in Warsaw
Each brigade also has a command, a support, a sapper and a logistic company, carrying the brigade's number.

Border Defence Component

The Polish Ministry of National Defence has formed a Border Defence Component under the Territorial Defence Force. The component will be composed of four brigades and will carry the traditions and has the same abbreviation as the Border Protection Corps of the Second Polish Republic. The western and southern land borders and the border with Eastern Prussia and the Free City of Danzig were guarded by the civilian Straż Graniczna under the Ministry of Finance. The border with the Soviet Union was guarded by the Border Protection Corps. The newly established Border Defence Component will be tasked with the military security of Poland's northeastern and eastern borders and will cooperate with the modern Polish Border Guard. It will reach initial operational capability in 2028 and full operational capability is expected in 2032.
Border Defence Component of the TDF

Tasks

The Territorial Defense Forces are dedicated to:
  • Conducting defense activities in cooperation with the Operational Forces and supporting elements of the non-military system.
  • Carrying out unconventional activities, anti-sabotage and offensive landing.
  • Participate in safeguarding the reception and development of allied reinforcement forces in commanded areas.
  • Implementation of projects in the area of: crisis management, the eradication of natural disasters and the elimination of their effects, property protection, search and rescue operations.
  • maintaining universal readiness to defend the Republic of Poland.
  • Cooperating with elements of the state's defense system.
  • Shaping attitudes and values in society.