Pigment and Ink Analysis of Medieval Books through Complementary Spectroscopy Techniques
Pigment and Ink Analysis of Medieval Books through Complementary Spectroscopy Techniques is a scholarly work, published in 2018 in ''Global Journal of Archaeology & Anthropology''. The main subjects of the publication include chemistry, conservation and restoration of cultural heritage, spectroscopy, art, Inkwell, and computer science. Spectroscopic and other scientific methods have long been employed to explore materials used for art and archaeological objects 123456.The knowledge of the composition and degradation of such objects is critical for conservation and restoration efforts.Modern scientific methods could help in determining not only materials makeup but also in unveiling valuable historical information on preparation methods as well as human activities during the creation of artistic or archaeological objects.The indepth analysis could reveal relevant information on unknown trade routes for raw materials which were used for the preparation of these objects.Scientific characterization of such materials requires the utilization of non-destructive analytical tools.Several well-known methods, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy (RS), are widely used to determine the elemental and chemical compositions of art and archaeological materials 789101112.XRF utilizes high-energy X-rays that excite core electrons of the atoms in materials.The unstable ionized atoms then return to the ground state by series of electronic transitions in the lower orbitals emitting characteristic X-rays.Analyzing these characteristic X-rays determines the elemental makeup of materials.XRF also enables the detection of elements with trace concentrations in multi-elemental objects.However, XRF cannot be used for measuring the lighter elements (e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen).RS investigates the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light (i.e.laser) during its interaction with materials.While interacting with vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the materials the light scatters resulting in the energy shift of the photons.RS provides the molecular identity of materials, but it is a localized technique, and the distribution of compounds in large areas through mapping is difficult to obtain.Therefore, the coupling of XRF and RS can overcome the limitations of.