Phraya Pan
Phraya Pan or Balaraj is a semi–legendary monarch associated with the later phase of the Dvaravati period in west-central Thailand. He is primarily attested in the Legend of Phra Pathommachedi and various versions of the Legend of , which identifies him as the son and successor of Phraya Kong, ruler of Nakhon Pathom. According to the narrative, Phraya Pan ascended the throne after defeating and killing his father. Based on information preserved in the and the Yonok Chronicle, Borihan Thepthani calculated the period of Phraya Pan's reign in Nakhon Pathom as spanning from 867 to 913. Following the seizure of the throne by his adoptive father, the king of Ratchaburi, Phraya Pan is said to have moved northward, where he ruled Haripuñjaya until he died in 916.
Phraya Pan is credited with founding several cities, most notably Suphan Buri, which later became the principal city of the Suphannabhum Kingdom. Its foundation is traditionally dated between 877 and 882, coinciding with the appointment of Phraya Pan's son, Pansa, as its first ruler. The Yonok Chronicle indicates that Pansa was likely succeeded by Chandra Devaraja, as suggested by the alignment of his reign with the period between 927 and 946, during which Tambralinga, led by Sujita and his son Kampoch, conducted military campaigns that conquered several polities in the Menam Valley. The chronicle further notes that Chandra Devaraja faced external threats, which are plausibly associated with these Tambralinga incursions.
The legends present Phraya Pan as a controversial figure, remembered less for his governance than for the act of patricide that secured his reign. His story reflects themes of dynastic conflict, moral consequence, and the fragility of royal authority within the legendary cycle of Dvaravati rulers.