Phofsit Daibuun

Phofsit Daibuun is an orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese Hokkien based on Modern Literal Taiwanese. It allows for the use of the ASCII character set to indicate the proper lexical tones without any subsidiary scripts or diacritic symbols.

Phonology

Nasalized syllables are indicated by "v" preceding the syllable nucleus. Except for b, j, l, which do not precede nasalized vowels, and m and n, which are already nasals.

Normal

Nasalized

chv

phv

zhv

Example

爭

星

鄭

硬

耳

件

病

鼻

扲

漬

縫

濺

青

院

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		oi
Mid		oi
Open-mid			o
Open	a

Regarding the pronunciation of "oi":

in southern regions such as Tainan, the pronunciation tends toward oi, the mid central vowel ə
in central and northern regions, the pronunciation tends toward oi, the close-mid back unrounded vowel ɤ

Tone spellings

The table below shows the spelling of the basic tone mid tone, and the four sub-tones high, rising, low falling/low, falling/high falling
indicates a changed tone
indicates a tone that does not exist in standard Taiwanese

Monophthongs

a 夏	af 阿	aa 牙	ax 豹	ar 絞
i 異	y 伊	ii 姨	ix 意	ie 椅
u 有	w 污	uu 牛	ux 熨	uo 羽
e 下	ef 溪	ee 的	ex 嫁	ea 矮
o 芋	of 黑	oo 湖	ox 兔	or 挖
oi 餓	oy 渦	ooi 蚵	oix 奧	oir 襖
ng 遠	ngf 秧	ngg 黃	ngx 怏	ngr 阮
m 毋	mf' 姆婆	mm 蕾	mx' 不是	mr 姆

Diphthongs

ai 代	ay 哀	aai 台	aix 愛	ae 藹
au 後	aw 歐	aau 喉	aux 懊	ao 狗
ia 夜	iaf 埃	iaa 爺	iax 厭	iar 野
iau 耀	iaw 邀	iaau 姚	iaux 跳	iao 鳥
ioi 廟	ioy 腰	iooi 搖	ioix 叫	ioir 少
iu 柚	iw 憂	iuu 油	iux 幼	iuo 友
oa 大	oaf 歌	oaa 蛇	oax 化	oar 紙
oai 壞	oay 乖	oaai 懷	oaix 怪	oae 拐
oe 話	oef 鍋	oee 唯	oex 貨	oea 挖
ui 位	uy 威	uii 圍	uix 畏	uie 委

Nasal finals

an 限	afn 安	aan 緊	axn 案	arn 簡
ang 網	afng 翁	aang 紅	axng 甕	arng 講
am 頷	afm 醃	aam 涵	axm 暗	arm 洝
eng 用	efng 鷹	eeng 閒	exng 應	erng 泳
iam 豔	iafm 閹	iaam 鹽	iaxm 厭	iarm 掩
iang 恙	iafng 央	iaang 陽	iaxng 泱	iarng 養
ien 沿	iefn 煙	ieen 鉛	iexn 宴	iern 演
in 胤	yn 因	iin 云	ixn 印	irn 引
im 燉	ym 音	iim 淫	ixm 蔭	irm 飲
iong 用	iofng 央	ioong 容	ioxng 擁	iorng 勇
oan 緩	oafn 冤	oaan 完	oaxn 怨	oarn 遠
ong 旺	ofng 汪	oong 王	oxng 罋	orng 往
un 運	wn 溫	uun 勻	uxn 搵	urn 隱
om' 掩'埋	ofm 掩	oom**	oxm 頓	orm' 頓'頭

Checked syllables

# symbol represents characters used for their meaning, rather than their pronunciation
Monophthong

	Labial	Dental	Velar	Open
Low	ab 壓	ad 握	ag 渥	aq 鴨
High	ap 盒	at 密	ak 目	ah 疊
Low	ib 揖	id 壹	ig**	iq 鐵
High	ip 佾	it 軼	ik**	ih 胰
Low	ub**	ud 熨	ug**	uq 拄
High	up**	ut 滑	uk**	uh 刺
Low	eb**	ed**	eg 億	eq 格
High	ep**	et**	役	eh 狹
Low	ob #踏	od**	og 惡	oq 漏平
High	op	ot**	ok 獨	oh 膜
Low	oib**	oid**	oig**	oiq #慢
High	oip**	oit**	oik**	oih 學

Diphthong

iab #掩藏	ied 謁	iag 摔	iaq 扼
iap 葉	iet 搧	iak 彈	iah 頁
	oad #轉	iog	auq 輾
	oat 悅	iok 育	auh 貿
iuq 縮			iauq 剝
iuh' 縮			iauh 剝
oaq 割	ioiq #猜	oeq 血	uiq 血
oah 活	ioih 藥	oeh 劃	uih 劃

Rarely used vowels

Vowel	Example
io	nio, =nio 讓；svio, =sviu 想
iof	diofng 忠；hviof, =hviw香
ioo	nioo, =niuu 量，想；hioong affectionate, cruel
iox	cioxng 將，從；hioxng 向
ior	nior, =niuo 兩；bioir 秒
ioq	hioq 嗎
oaiq	voaiq 瘸著走
oaih'	vih'voaih'kioix 噫椏叫
mq	hmq, =hmr strike down forcefully
mh	hmh insidious, silent; hmq'hmh
ngq	hngq
ngh	dngh 當, 擔任；hngh